Table 3.

Multivariable linear regression analyses of inflammatory markers in mothers, infants (6–10 weeks) and children (24–28 months).

	B (SE)	β	P-value
Mothers*
GM-CSF	−0.060 (0.03)	−0.122	0.016
MMP-9	−0.076 (0.04)	−0.124	0.034
Infants 6–10 weeks#
IFN-γ	−0.088 (0.03)	−0.194	0.001
IL-1β	−0.048 (0.03)	−0.098	0.120
Children 24–28 months†
IFN-γ	−0.097 (0.04)	−0.168	0.019
IL-1β	−0.110 (0.03)	−0.182	0.001
IL-2	−0.075 (0.04)	−0.116	0.035
IL-4	−0.060 (0.03)	−0.128	0.017

Multivariable regressions were performed separately for each inflammatory marker with significant differences after correcting for multiple comparisons, according to maternal HIV status as depicted in Fig. 1.

Abbreviations: GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MMP-9 metalloproteinase-9; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin

^*covariates: clinic, smoking, alcohol exposure, age, socioeconomic status and body mass index (BMI) at 6 weeks postpartum.

^#covariates: clinic, maternal smoking during pregnancy maternal alcohol exposure during pregnancy, maternal socioeconomic status and maternal BMI at 6 weeks postpartum, prematurity, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding at 6–10 weeks and infant sex.

^†covariates: clinic, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol exposure during pregnancy, prematurity, maternal socioeconomic status and maternal BMI at 6 weeks postpartum, birth weight and child sex.