Table 4.
Correlation between inflammatory markers in mothers living with HIV and HEU children at 6–10 weeks and 24–28 months with neurodevelopment outcomes at 24–28 months.
| HIV-infected Mothers | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM-CSF | IFN-γ | IL-10 | IL-12p70 | IL-13 | IL-1β | IL-2 | IL-4 | IL-5 | IL-6 | IL-7 | IL-8 | TNF-α | NGAL | MMP9 | ||
| Cognitive | r | 0.085 | -0.131 | -0.069 | -0.045 | -0.051 | -0.023 | -0.086 | 0.049 | -0.128 | -0.144 | -0.226 | -0.071 | -0.288 | -0.016 | -0.122 |
| P-value | 0.477 | 0.272 | 0.566 | 0.705 | 0.669 | 0.850 | 0.475 | 0.684 | 0.283 | 0.227 | 0.057 | 0.556 | 0.014 | 0.892 | 0.307 | |
| Language | r | -0.142 | -0.295 | -0.253 | -0.262 | -0.174 | -0.223 | -0.232 | -0.208 | -0.211 | -0.204 | -0.246 | -0.128 | -0.206 | 0.081 | 0.045 |
| P-value | 0.245 | 0.014 | 0.036 | 0.030 | 0.153 | 0.066 | 0.056 | 0.086 | 0.081 | 0.093 | 0.041 | 0.295 | 0.089 | 0.509 | 0.711 | |
| Motor | r | 0.031 | -0.166 | -0.147 | -0.164 | -0.082 | -0.133 | -0.085 | -0.123 | -0.134 | 0.012 | -0.109 | -0.029 | -0.138 | -0.036 | -0.068 |
| P-value | 0.807 | 0.182 | 0.240 | 0.189 | 0.511 | 0.288 | 0.496 | 0.325 | 0.283 | 0.923 | 0.383 | 0.815 | 0.269 | 0.775 | 0.589 | |
| HEU Infants (6–10 weeks) | ||||||||||||||||
| GM-CSF | IFN-γ | IL-10 | IL-12p70 | IL-13 | IL-1β | IL-2 | IL-4 | IL-5 | IL-6 | IL-7 | IL-8 | TNF-α | NGAL | MMP9 | ||
| Cognitive | r | 0.005 | -0.178 | -0.136 | -0.089 | -0.091 | -0.207 | -0.126 | -0.164 | -0.010 | -0.181 | -0.238 | -0.225 | -0.178 | -0.153 | -0.186 |
| P-value | 0.971 | 0.178 | 0.305 | 0.501 | 0.492 | 0.116 | 0.343 | 0.214 | 0.938 | 0.171 | 0.070 | 0.086 | 0.177 | 0.251 | 0.162 | |
| Language | r | 0.081 | -0.106 | -0.116 | -0.055 | -0.025 | -0.199 | 0.007 | -0.182 | -0.070 | -0.165 | -0.061 | -0.221 | -0.152 | -0.169 | -0.305 |
| P-value | 0.548 | 0.430 | 0.390 | 0.684 | 0.855 | 0.138 | 0.958 | 0.177 | 0.607 | 0.220 | 0.654 | 0.098 | 0.260 | 0.214 | 0.022 | |
| Motor | r | -0.309# | -0.339# | -0.451# | -0.379# | -0.243 | -0.491# | -0.308# | -0.418# | -0.237 | -0.335# | -0.239 | -0.003 | -0.071 | -0.383# | -0.289 |
| p-value | 0.022 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.074 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.082 | 0.012 | 0.079 | 0.981 | 0.607 | 0.004 | 0.034 | |
| HEU Children (24–28 months) | ||||||||||||||||
| GM-CSF | IFN-γ | IL-10 | IL-12p70 | IL-13 | IL-1β | IL-2 | IL-4 | IL-5 | IL-6 | IL-7 | IL-8 | TNF-α | NGAL | MMP9 | ||
| Cognitive | r | -0.032 | -0.191 | -0.303 | -0.166 | 0.018 | -0.148 | -0.148 | -0.118 | 0.013 | -0.106 | -0.177 | 0.010 | -0.054 | 0.207 | -0.007 |
| P-value | 0.793 | 0.111 | 0.010 | 0.166 | 0.884 | 0.217 | 0.219 | 0.329 | 0.916 | 0.381 | 0.139 | 0.933 | 0.654 | 0.081 | 0.956 | |
| Language | r | -0.234 | -0.307 | -0.319 | -0.284 | 0.029 | -0.241 | -0.253 | -0.217 | -0.049 | -0.012 | -0.140 | -0.025 | -0.083 | 0.159 | -0.001 |
| P-value | 0.055 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.817 | 0.048 | 0.037 | 0.076 | 0.690 | 0.922 | 0.255 | 0.842 | 0.503 | 0.193 | 0.991 | |
| Motor | r | -0.050 | -0.073 | -0.215 | -0.143 | 0.089 | -0.124 | -0.011 | -0.154 | 0.100 | 0.091 | -0.028 | 0.105 | -0.027 | 0.112 | 0.023 |
| P-value | 0.690 | 0.562 | 0.086 | 0.256 | 0.480 | 0.326 | 0.934 | 0.221 | 0.429 | 0.473 | 0.825 | 0.405 | 0.830 | 0.371 | 0.856 | |
# Remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons.
Abbreviations: GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MMP-9 metalloproteinase-9; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TNF-α, Tumor-necrosis factor-α; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HEU, HIV-exposed uninfected.