a, Representative images of 480 nm-excited (Ex480) and 380 nm-excited (Ex380) fluorescence from a neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) expressing ExRai-AKAR2. Scale bar, 10 μm. b,c, Time-lapse epifluorescence imaging of ExRai-AKAR2 excitation ratio changes in NRVMs stimulated with (b) 100 nM Iso or (c) 50 μM Fsk and 100 μM IBMX. Thick lines indicate mean responses, and thin lines depict individual single-cell traces. d, Summary of maximum 480 nm/380 nm excitation ratio changes. Bars represent mean±s.e.m. n = 13 (Iso) and 20 (Fsk/IBMX) cells from 3 independent experiments for b–d.