Table 1.

Summary of AhR ligands that protect against or induce colitis in mouse models

Colitis Model	Ah Receptor Ligand	Ref AhR deletion/inhibition
DSS induced	DHNA	Fukumoto et al. 2014; CH223191
DSS induced	TCDD	Singh et al. 2011; AhR-/-
DSS induced	Norisoboldine	Lv et al. 2015; CH223191
DSS induced	b-Naphthoflavone	Furumatsu et al. 2011; AhR-/-
DSS induced	Indole-3-carbinol	Li et al. 2011; AhR-/-
DSS induced	Tryptophan (dietary)	Islam et al. 2017; AhR-/-
DSS induced	Broccoli	Hubbard et al. 2017; AhRb/b AhRd/d
DSS induced	Indole-3-carbinol	Diaz-Diaz et al. 2016; AhR+/+ AhRΔ2/Δ2**
DSS induced	Ginger ELNs	Deng et al. 2017;
TNBS induced	Indigo naturalis/indigo	Kawai et al. 2017; AhR-/-
TNBS induced	ITE	Goettel et al. 2016; humanized N5GabcDR1*
TNBS induced	TCDD	Benson and Shepherd et al. 2011; AhR+/+
TMO and oxazolone	2,4,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole (TMO), oxazolone	Iyer et al. 2018; AhR+/+, AhRΔIEC

^*Driven by human CD4⁺ T cells

^**AhR^Δ2/Δ2; exon² AhR knockout mice