Table 1.
Summary of RCTs focusing on the effect of Vitamin D supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
| Author/year/country | Population/age/vitamin D level | Intervention | Duration | 25OHD before treatment(g/ml) | 25OHD after treatment (ng/ml) | Hyperandrogenism | Insulin resistance | Dyslipidemia | Inflammation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seyyed et al., (2017) Iran [19] |
36 women with PCOS, aged 20–38 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 50,000 IU/week of oral vitamin D3 (n = 19); G2: placebo (n = 17) |
8 weeks | G1: 3.5 ± 4.2; G2: 9.8 ± 5.1 |
28.24 ± 6.47; 13.3 ± 7.1 |
↓FPG ↔HOMA-IR, QUICKI |
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| Asemi et al., (2017) Iran [21] |
104 overweight and obese women with PCOS, aged 18–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 1000 mg/d calcium + vitamin D placebo (n = 26); G2: 50,000 IU/week vitamin D + calcium placebo (n = 26); G3: 1000 mg/d calcium+ 50,000 IU/week vitamin D (n = 26); G4: calcium placebo + vitamin D placebo (n = 26) |
8 weeks | G1: 13.9 ± 2.0; G2: 11.6 ± 4.7; G3: 15.1 ± 3.6; G4: 14.0 ± 4.1 |
71.2 ± 14.7; 86.8 ± 16.1; 76.4 ± 13.3; 73.5 ± 23.8 |
↓insulin, HOMA-IR, ↑QUICKI ↔FPG |
↓TG, VLDL-C ↔TC, LDL-C, HDL-C |
8 weeks | |
|
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| Bonakdaran et al., (2012) Iran [26] |
48 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 1000 mg/d metformin (n = 17); G2: 0.5ug/d calcitriol (n = 15); G3: placebo (n = 16) |
12 weeks | G1:28.2 ± 13.5; G2:11.4 ± 8.2; G3:19.9 ± 16.5; |
26.7 ± 10.6; 20.1 ± 16.2; 19.0 ± 15.3 |
↔Total testosterone, DHEAS |
↔FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
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| Foroozanfard et al., (2015) Iran [22] |
104 overweight women with PCOS who have vitamin D deficiency, aged 18–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 1000 mg calcium/d plus vitamin D placebo weekly (n = 26); G2: 50,000 IU/week vitamin D plus calcium placebo daily (n = 26); G3: 1000 mg/d calcium plus 50,000 IU vitamin D weekly (n = 26); G4: calcium placebo daily plus vitamin D placebo weekly (n = 26) |
8 weeks | G1: +0.3 ± 0.4; G2: +12.5 ± 1.1; G3: +9.2 ± 1.5; G4: +0.2 ± 0.6 |
↓hs-CRP | ||||
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| Gupta et al., (2017) India [27] |
50 women with PCOS, aged 18–45 years, 25OHD < 30 ng/ml |
G1: 12000 IU/week vitamin D (n = 25); G2: placebo (n = 25) |
12 weeks | G1: 18.56 ± 9.68; G2: Vacant |
44.90 ± 9.04; vacant |
↔-Total testosterone, DHEAS |
↓FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR ↑ QUICKI |
↔TG, TC, HDL-C |
|
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| Rahimi-Ardabili et al., (2013) Iran [25] |
50 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 50,000 IU/20 days of oral cholecalciferol (n = 24); G2: placebo (n = 26) |
8 weeks | G1:6.9 ± 2.8; G2:7.28 ± 2.93 |
23.4 ± 6.14; 8.57 ± 3.98 |
↓ TC ↔TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C |
↓hs-CRP | ||
| Javed et al. (2019) UK [30] |
37 women with PCOS, aged 18–45 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 3200IU/day vitamin D (n = 18); G2: placebo (n = 19) |
12 weeks | G1:10.26 ± 4.57; G2:12.38 ± 4.45 |
36.22 ± 7.81; 19.07 ± 8.21 |
↔Total testosterone, SHBG |
↔FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
↔TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C |
↔ hs-CRP |
|
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| Irani et al., (2015) USA [31] |
53 women with PCOS, aged 18–38 years, 25OHD <20 ng/ml |
G1: 50,000 IU/week of oral vitamin D3 (n = 35); G2: placebo (n = 18) |
8 weeks | G1: 16.3 ± 0.9; G2: 17 ± 1.8 |
43.2 ± 2.4; 17.4 ± 1.9 |
↔Total testosterone, SHBG |
↔ HOMA-IR | ↓TG ↔HDL-C, LDL-C |
|
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| Maktabi et al., (2017) Iran [24] |
60 women with PCOS, aged 18–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 50,000 IU/2 weeks of oral vitamin D3 (n = 30); G2: placebo (n = 30) |
12 weeks | G1: 12.8 ± 4.5; G2: 14.5 ± 5.1 |
27.5 ± 9.8; 14.4 ± 5.2 |
↔Total testosterone, SHBG, DHEAS |
↓FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI |
↔TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C |
↓hs-CRP |
|
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| Jorly Mejia-Montilla et al., (2018) Venezuela [29] |
169 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: 5000 IU/day vitamin D (n = 84); G2: placebo (n = 85) |
12 weeks | G1:13.7 ± 4.2; G2:13.5 ± 4.4 |
19.1 ± 4.9; 13.3 ± 4.5 |
↓FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
↓TG, TC, LDL-C ↔HDL-C |
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| Ardabili et al., (2012) Iran [20] |
50 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1:50,000 IU of oral vitamin D3 every 20 days (n = 24); G2: placebo (n = 26) |
8 weeks | G1: 6.9 ± 2.8; G2: vacant |
23.4 ± 6.1; vacant |
↔FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI |
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| Jafari-Sfidvajani et al., (2017) Iran [23] |
56 women with PCOS, aged 20–40 years, 25OHD < 20 ng/ml |
G1: low-calorie diet+ 50,000 IU/week oral vitamin D3 (n = 26); G2: low-calorie diet + placebo (n = 28) |
12 weeks | G1: 15.83 ± 4.85; G2: 14.93 ± 5.55 |
43.38 ± 12.61; 25.32 ± 10.13 |
↔Total testosterone, DHEAS, SHBG |
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| Trummer et al., (2018) Austria [28] |
123 women with PCOS, aged ≥ 18 years, 25OHD < 30 ng/ml |
G1:20,000 IU of oral vitamin D3/week (n = 81); G2: placebo (n = 42) |
24 weeks | G1: 19.55 ± 6.73; G2: 19.55 ± 7.01 |
36.14 ± 8.05; 22.76 ± 11.82 |
↔Total testosterone | ↔ FPG, HOMA-IR, QUICKI |
↔TG, TC | |
IU: international units; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; IR: insulin resistance; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.