Table 2.

Phytophthora spp. effectors that modulate host defense responses to establish ETS or trigger ETI.

Phytophthora spp.	Host species	Effector	Host target	Specific elicitor induced cell death suppression	Virulence function to establish ETS	ETI and R gene	References
P. infestans	N. benthamiana	Avr1	Sec5 Exocyst subunit	CRN2	Prevent PR-1 secretion and callose deposition	YesR1	Du Y. et al., 2015; Du et al., 2018
		Avrblb2/SFI8	C14 Protease		Prevent C14 secretion	YesRpiblb2	Bozkurt et al., 2011
	Tomato CaMs tested in N. benthamiana		CaMs		Interferes with calcium signaling to regulate ETI		Naveed et al., 2019
	Tomato Arabidopsis		Unknown		Interferes with MAPK signaling		Zheng et al., 2014
		SFI1, SFI2, SFI5, SFI6, SFI7
	Potato	SFI3	UBK				He et al., 2019
		SFI5	CaMs		Interferes with calcium signaling to suppress PTI		Zheng et al., 2018
	Potato N. benthamiana	PexRD2	MAP3Kε	INF1	Interferes with MAPK signalig		King et al., 2014
		Pi22926	MAP3Kβ2	Avr4/Cf4 and AvrPto/Pto associated HR			Ren et al., 2019
	Arabidopsis N. benthamiana	Avrblb1/IPI-O1/SRE8	LecRK-1.9 Lectin receptor kinase		Disrupt cell wall to plasma membrane continuum	YesRpi-blb1	Bouwmeester et al., 2011
	Potato N. benthamiana	Pi03192	NAC transcription factors		Prevent NAC localization from ER to nucleus	No	Mclellan et al., 2013
	Tobacco N. benthamiana	Avr3a	CMPG1 E3 ligase	INF1	Prevent ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis	YesR3a	Bos et al., 2006; Gilroy et al., 2011b
		PexRD54	ATG8CL autophagy protein		Modulate autophagy mediated defense		Dagdas et al., 2016, 2018
	N. benthamiana	SRE3	U1-70K		Modulate Alternative splicing		Huang et al., 2020
		Pi14054/SRE5	Unknown		Suppressor of RNA silencing		Vetukuri et al., 2017
	Potato	PITG_15718.2	Unknown		Attenuate plant defense and growth		Wang J. et al., 2019
S-factors
	Arabidopsis N. benthamiana	PiAvr3a	CAD7		Suppress lignification		Li T. et al., 2019
	Potato N. benthamiana	Pi02860	NRL1 E3 ligase	INF1	Enhance proteasome-mediated degradation of SWAP70		He et al., 2018
	N. benthamiana	Pi04089/SRE2	KRBP1 RNA-binding protein		Possibly affects post translational modifications		Wang et al., 2015
	Potato N. benthamiana	Pi17316	StVIK (MAP3K)	INF1	Interferes with MAPK signaling		Murphy et al., 2018
	Potato N. benthamiana	PiAvr2	BSL family	INF1	Interferes with brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling	YesR2	Gilroy et al., 2011a; Turnbull et al., 2017, 2019
	Potato N. benthamiana	Pi04314	PP1cs		Modulate JA and SA signaling		Boevink et al., 2016b
P. sojae	soybean	Avh240	AP1 Protease		Prevent AP1 secretion		Guo et al., 2019
		PsAvh238	ACSs		Suppress ET biosynthesis		Yang et al., 2019
		PSR1 and PSR2	PINP1 RNA helicase		Suppress RNA silencing		Qiao et al., 2013, 2015
	Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana	Avh331		INF1	Interferes with MAPK signaling		Cheng et al., 2012
	Arabidopsis	PsCRN63 (crinkler)		flg22			Li et al., 2016
	N. benthamiana	PsAvh262	BiPs (S-factors)		Suppress ER mediated immunity		Jing et al., 2016
P. capsici	Arabidopsis	Avr3a12	FKBP15-2		Inhibits ER stress sensing		Fan et al., 2018
		PcAvh103	EDS1		Suppress SA mediated defense		Li et al., 2020
		RxLR48	NPR1				Li T. et al., 2019
		PSR2	RNA binding protein DRB4		Modulates RNA silencing		Hou et al., 2019
		RxLR207	ACD11, BPA1 and BPLs (S-factors)		Supress ROS-mediated defense		Li T. et al., 2019
	N. benthamiana	Avh1	PP2Aa scaffolding subunit		Attenuate plant defense and growth		Chen et al., 2019