Table 6.

Subgroup analysis of working memory (chronic exercises).

Subgroup	N	SMD	95% conf. interval	I2	Test for between-group heterogeneity
					Q-value	df (Q)	p-value
Age
5–12	9 (638)	−0.64	−0.87, −0.42	47.0%	18.06	1	0.001
12–18	3 (773)	−0.30	−0.49, −0.12	12.8%
Type
Open motor skills	5 (419)	−0.72	−0.93, −0.43	26.9%	20.53	1	0.001
Close motor skills	5 (386)	−0.31	−0.57,−0.25	12.4%
Studies' quality
Scores more than 6 (>6)	6 (884)	−0.33	−0.55, −0.21	6.9%	27.89	1	0.001
Scores less than 6 (≤6)	7 (593)	−0.86	−1.13, −0.39	0.0%
Duration
More than 12 weeks	6 (336)	−0.36	−0.79, −0.15	0.0%	0.16	1	0.694
Less than 12 weeks	7 (1141)	−0.62	−0.97,−0.26	82.8%
Composite type
Multiple-exercise intervention	6 (666)	−0.58	−1.15, −0.37	48.0%	1.47	1	0.257
Sole-exercise intervention	7 (811)	−0.44	−0.83, −0.25	23.2%
Frequency
1–3 times/week	5 (478)	−0.40	−0.65, −0.15	21.6%	0.10	1	0.953
4–7 times/week	8 (999)	−0.61	−0.61,−0.32	79.6%
Exercise session time
≤30	4 (295)	−0.82	−1.01, −0.64	59.5%	18.92	1	0.001
>30	9 (1182)	−0.35	−0.47, −0.22	13.1%