Table 1.

Growth factors implicit in regeneration of MSK tissue. Regeneration is dependent on the temporal cascade of GFs along with other cytokines, macromolecules, and enzymes

Key: bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), transforming growth factor (TGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5), fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF-18), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin like growth factor 1,2 (IGF-1,2).

Tissue type	Growth Factor	Citation
Bone	BMPs	[[44], [45], [46]]
	TGF-β1	[47,48]
	VEGF	[51,54]
	PlGF	[52]
	BMPs	[53]
Cartilage	GDF-5	[33]
	TGF-β1	[47,48]
	FGF-18	[55,56]
Muscle	HGF	[57]
	IGF-1,2	[58]