FIGURE 4.

Effects of Bufei Jianpi formula (BJF) on expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors in COPD rats. (A–C) Real-time polymerase chain reaction validation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-α), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) mRNA expression changes and (D–H) representative Western blot analysis of AMPK-α, p-AMPK-α, PGC-α, and TFAM protein expression levels. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 6 per group). ^∗∗ p < 0.01, ^∗ p < 0.05 vs. control group; ^## p < 0.01, ^# p < 0.05 vs. model group; ^ΔΔ P < 0.01, ^Δ P < 0.05 vs. BJF group; ^▲▲ p < 0.01, ^▲ p < 0.05 vs. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) group; ^□□ p < 0.01, ^□ p < 0.05 vs. BJF + GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.