TABLE 3.

Associations of perceived stress with maternal descriptors of challenges and rewards: Pearson and Spearman rank-order correlations and χ².

	Challenges				Rewards				Ratios		Stress
	Safety	Social/emotional	Structural	Stimulation	Safety	Social/emotional	Structural	Stimulation	Child ratio	Reward ratio	PSS-4
Challenges
Safety	–	0.015	−0.017	−0.041	χ2 = 0.491	0.006	−0.004	−0.025	−0.25**	−0.204*	0.158*
SE		–	0.021	0.201*	0.091	0.235**	0.240**	0.232**	0.042	−0.223**	0.133
Structural			–	0.081	0.048	0.001	0.205*	0.045	−0.132	−0.246**	0.092
SM				–	−0.039	0.015	0.111	0.142	0.397****	−0.321****	−0.069
Rewards
Safety					–	0.018	0.040	0.128	−0.117	0.246**	0.128
SE						–	−0.010	0.287****	−0.084	0.346****	−0.036
Structural							–	−0.109	−0.134	0.213**	−0.153
SM								–	0.109	0.411****	−0.022
Child ratio									–	−0.167*	−0.009
Reward ratio										–	−0.233**
PSS-4											–

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; SE, socioemotional support and social connectedness; SM, stimulation and monitoring.