TABLE 2.

The strengths and limitions, major characteristics, and composition of the nanoplatform in the treatment of oral cancer.

Nanoplatforms	Components	Strengths	Limitions	Characteristic	References
Polymer NPs	Indocyanine green, human serum albumin, cisplatin	Chemotherapy and PTT/PDT synergistic treatment	Low encapsulation rate	Actively target oral cancer with high expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)	Wang et al. (2019b)
Polymer NPs	PLGA, PEG, NR7 peptide	Core–shell morphology, excellent biodegradability	Early recognition by the immune system and clearance by the liver and kidneys limit it clinical application	Due to NR7 peptide receptor-mediated internalization, cancer cells uptake of nanoparticles increased	Pendleton and Grandis (2013)
Polymer NPs	Fucoidan, PI3Kα inhibitor BYL719	Combined with radiotherapy, nanoparticle administration can enhance anti-tumor activity without causing major side effects	Recognition and elimination by the immune system	The cell adhesion molecule P-selectin has nanomolar affinity for fucoidan, so nanoparticles can actively target cancer cells	Mizrachi et al. (2017)
Polymer NPs	HN-1 peptides, PEG, dox	The HNPD nanoplatform has strong tumor targeting performance and penetration efficiency	Low encapsulation rate	The PD nanoparticles synthesized by dox and PEG are a simple and effective nanocarrier	Wang et al. (2017)
NLC	Docetaxel (DTX),NLC	DTX can be well incorporated into NLC with high entrapment efficiency due to its lipophilicity	Lack of ability to actively target target cancer cells	Increase the drug loading efficiency and prolong the half-life of drug	Liu et al. (2011)
Liposome	Cationic liposome, adenoviral vector	Cationic liposomes combined with adenovirus vectors can improve gene transduction efficiency	Immune clearance and clinical application safety still need further research	Suicide gene therapy	Fukuhara et al. (2003)
Liposome	Anionic lipid, cationic lipid, cisplatin	The combined PDT + LPC prolonged the tumor growth inhibition, resulting in the minimal drug administrations	The ability of this nanoplatform to actively target tumor cells needs to be proven	Combined application of liposome-loaded chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy	Gusti-Ngurah-Putu et al. (2019)
Metal NP	Hollow gold nanospheres, aptamer targeted to EGFR	Gold nanospheres have excellent photodetection properties and can be used for imaging. Aptamers that target EGFR have high specificity and low immunogenicity	The phototherapy effect of hollow gold nanospheres is not fully utilized, and the photothermal therapy should be further explored; toxicity	Chemiluminescence optical imaging and RNA aptamer targeting EGFR	Melancon et al. (2014)
Metal NP	PEGylated AuNPs, PDPN Ab, dox	The tumor homing ligand on this nanoplatform can actively target cancer cells, deliver drugs to cancer cells, and cooperate with photothermal therapy to kill cancer cells	The early recognition of the immune system; short blood circulation and toxicity	Application of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy	Liu et al. (2020)
Metal NP	Super paramagnetic iron oxide,PLGA, folic acid, chitosan	The nanoplatform can rapidly release docetaxel under acidic conditions and can avoid docetaxel leakage under physiological pH	The encapsulation rate of docetaxel in this nanoplatform is not clear	The magnetic iron oxide in the nanoplatform can be used in magnetic resonance imaging	Shanavas et al. (2017)
Metal NP	Polyacrylic acid, hollow mesoporous iron oxide, bleomycin	Magnetic nanoparticles are safe, non-toxic and can actively target cancer cells	The encapsulation efficiency of bleomycin in this nanoplatform is not clear; physiological pH releases more drugs than acidic pH	Surface-engineering polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto the mesoporous iron oxide makes the nanoplatform continuously release bleomycin under the magnetic field	Zhang et al. (2020b)
Hydrogels	Poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG-PCL-PEG, PECE) hydrogel, cisplatin, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)	The nanoplatform can be administered within a target organ at a predetermined rate and within a predetermined time, which reduces the drug poisonousness and improves the survival quality of patients	Elimination of nanoplatforms by immune cells	Temperature sensitive and injectable	Li et al. (2012)
Exosomes	Exosomes secreted by menstrual mesenchymal stem cells	Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that produce therapeutic effects through paracrine action, and have long-term blood circulation and immune escape	The exosome extraction process is complicated and the number of exosomes obtained is limited-a fact that complicates translation of exosome treatments into the clinic	Exosomes are vesicles with a diameter of 40–100 nm, which have the inherent ability to cross biological barriers, even the blood brain barrier	Rosenberger et al. (2019)
Dendrimers	Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, folic acid	The well-defined and highly branched structure of dendrimers provides great flexibility for modification in terms of delivery of a large payload of drug and cell-specific targeting	Large-scale synthesis of functionalized dendrimers is technically challenging and potentially hinders their clinical applications	The surface-functionalized PAMAM dendrimer of folic acid reduces generation-dependent toxicity of PAMAM dendrimer, but it is still more efficient in gene delivery	Xu et al. (2016), Yuan et al. (2019)