Table 4.
Prevalence of possible associated factors by masculinity class, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia and Sri Lanka
| Bangladesh rural |
Bangladesh urban |
Cambodia |
China |
Sri Lanka |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v. violent | VAW | sex seeking | criminal without IPV/sex | least violent | P value | v. violent | VAW | sex seeking | criminal without IPV/sex | least violent | P value | v. violent | VAW | sex seeking | criminal without IPV/sex | least violent | P value | v. violent | VAW | sex seeking | criminal without IPV/sex | least violent | P value | v. violent | VAW | sex seeking | criminal without IPV/sex | least violent | P value | |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
||||||
|
Social characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age group (years): | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 18-24 |
19.35 |
8.87 |
25.81 |
54.55 |
28.19 |
<0.0001 |
21.88 |
13.96 |
36.14 |
50 |
33.85 |
<0.0001 |
22.61 |
11.84 |
18.18 |
43.48 |
33.54 |
<0.0001 |
3.08 |
7.91 |
13.46 |
33.33 |
14.36 |
0.0002 |
14.93 |
13.98 |
12.9 |
38.18 |
39.21 |
<0.0001 |
| 25-34 |
22.58 |
25 |
45.16 |
18.18 |
28.95 |
43.75 |
33.78 |
46.99 |
40 |
35.42 |
36.52 |
39.47 |
52.27 |
34.78 |
34.67 |
35.38 |
22.6 |
38.46 |
42.86 |
28.37 |
47.76 |
34.41 |
43.55 |
35.45 |
31.17 |
|||||
| 35-49 |
58.06 |
66.13 |
29.03 |
27.27 |
42.86 |
34.38 |
52.25 |
16.87 |
10 |
30.73 |
40.87 |
48.68 |
29.55 |
21.74 |
31.79 |
61.54 |
69.49 |
48.08 |
23.81 |
57.27 |
37.31 |
51.61 |
43.55 |
26.36 |
29.63 |
|||||
| Any high school |
32.26 |
27.02 |
53.23 |
81.82 |
52.09 |
<0.0001 |
75 |
54.05 |
65.06 |
90 |
76.09 |
<0.0001 |
35.65 |
39.69 |
55.45 |
58.7 |
53.33 |
<0.0001 |
87.5 |
81.36 |
89.74 |
90.48 |
85.64 |
0.236 |
100 |
86.56 |
87.1 |
94.55 |
90.61 |
0.04 |
| Ever married or cohabited |
80.65 |
95.16 |
72.58 |
36.36 |
64.1 |
<0.0001 |
65.63 |
86.04 |
46.99 |
40 |
51.96 |
<0.0001 |
80 |
91.01 |
73.18 |
56.52 |
66.56 |
<0.0001 |
95.38 |
96.61 |
91.67 |
85.71 |
88.39 |
0.01 |
80.6 |
87.1 |
74.19 |
49.09 |
49.73 |
<0.0001 |
| Current food insecurity |
61.29 |
54.51 |
36.07 |
18.18 |
39.72 |
0.0002 |
53.13 |
39.82 |
32.93 |
30 |
24.55 |
<0.0001 |
66.07 |
61.9 |
45.58 |
41.3 |
47.22 |
<0.0001 |
30.16 |
24.56 |
20.13 |
19.05 |
19.26 |
0.291 |
29.23 |
17.95 |
27.12 |
18.18 |
14.9 |
0.003 |
| Victimisation history: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother was abused |
51.61 |
30.24 |
41.94 |
45.45 |
17.45 |
<0.0001 |
56.25 |
47.3 |
39.76 |
35 |
26.48 |
<0.0001 |
46.96 |
25.66 |
24.66 |
23.91 |
20.21 |
<0.0001 |
49.23 |
32.95 |
19.87 |
33.33 |
14.11 |
<0.0001 |
56.72 |
41.67 |
54.84 |
50 |
24.06 |
<0.0001 |
| Fathers absence |
51.61 |
50.83 |
45.16 |
40 |
46.13 |
0.682 |
59.38 |
52.25 |
42.17 |
60 |
45.78 |
0.149 |
36.84 |
43.52 |
42.92 |
39.13 |
38.54 |
0.352 |
12.5 |
19.21 |
11.54 |
14.29 |
13.07 |
0.245 |
29.85 |
37.63 |
41.94 |
38.18 |
33.39 |
0.45 |
| Father contribution to housework: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Low |
76.67 |
78.6 |
70.49 |
70 |
79.21 |
0.83 |
50 |
59.91 |
63.86 |
50 |
66.11 |
0.356 |
32.17 |
39.34 |
40.55 |
36.96 |
39.47 |
0.774 |
28.57 |
19.89 |
20 |
14.29 |
18.42 |
0.432 |
44.78 |
36.96 |
32.79 |
37.61 |
31.53 |
0.135 |
| Mid |
23.33 |
20.99 |
29.51 |
30 |
20.41 |
46.88 |
38.74 |
34.94 |
50 |
32.44 |
60.87 |
54.29 |
51.15 |
56.52 |
52.52 |
65.08 |
71.02 |
70.97 |
80.95 |
69.3 |
46.27 |
51.63 |
62.3 |
51.38 |
60.22 |
|||||
| High |
0 |
0.41 |
0 |
0 |
0.38 |
3.13 |
1.35 |
1.2 |
0 |
1.45 |
6.96 |
6.37 |
8.29 |
6.52 |
8.02 |
6.35 |
9.09 |
9.03 |
4.76 |
12.28 |
8.96 |
11.41 |
4.92 |
11.01 |
8.25 |
|||||
| Childhood sexual abuse |
51.61 |
35.48 |
27.42 |
36.36 |
15.3 |
<0.0001 |
56.25 |
55.86 |
46.99 |
55 |
30.06 |
<0.0001 |
28.7 |
18.64 |
18.26 |
13.04 |
10.77 |
<0.0001 |
36.92 |
16.57 |
16.67 |
14.29 |
6.96 |
<0.0001 |
36.36 |
23.03 |
25.81 |
22.73 |
9.93 |
<0.0001 |
| Childhood physical abuse |
29.03 |
22.58 |
3.23 |
36.36 |
9.73 |
<0.0001 |
46.88 |
28.38 |
28.92 |
50 |
14.53 |
<0.0001 |
53.04 |
53.95 |
51.6 |
56.52 |
37.74 |
<0.0001 |
56.92 |
38.07 |
34.62 |
28.57 |
16.15 |
<0.0001 |
69.7 |
55.62 |
56.45 |
61.82 |
29.87 |
<0.0001 |
| Childhood emotional abuse or neglect |
54.84 |
53.23 |
50 |
63.64 |
27.94 |
<0.0001 |
75 |
65.77 |
60.24 |
60 |
34.64 |
<0.0001 |
59.13 |
39.47 |
41.55 |
39.13 |
25.44 |
<0.0001 |
66.15 |
46.86 |
30.77 |
42.86 |
12.7 |
<0.0001 |
62.12 |
34.27 |
48.39 |
50 |
15.94 |
<0.0001 |
| Teased or bullied as a child |
32.3 |
32.7 |
25.8 |
18.2 |
21.5 |
0.038 |
50 |
44.14 |
38.55 |
45 |
23.91 |
<0.0001 |
48.7 |
39.65 |
43.18 |
39.13 |
30.36 |
<0.0001 |
53.85 |
35.23 |
30.13 |
19.05 |
17.16 |
<0.0001 |
37.88 |
25.14 |
27.42 |
38.18 |
13.75 |
<0.0001 |
| Experienced homophobic abuse |
29.03 |
8.61 |
6.56 |
18.18 |
3.7 |
<0.0001 |
31.25 |
3.17 |
7.32 |
5 |
4.17 |
<0.0001 |
21.24 |
1.35 |
2.33 |
6.52 |
1.37 |
<0.0001 |
19.35 |
7.06 |
5.23 |
0 |
3.4 |
0.0001 |
18.46 |
2.55 |
6.78 |
15.74 |
2.51 |
<0.0001 |
|
Psychological factors & substance abuse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Life satisfaction (mean) |
0.19 |
0.10 |
-0.08 |
0.00 |
-0.12 |
0.37 |
0.25 |
0.37 |
0.30 |
-0.04 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
-0.02 |
0.67 |
0.16 |
-0.10 |
0.26 |
-0.11 |
0.47 |
0.13 |
0.06 |
0.12 |
-0.07 |
|||||
| Depression |
61.29 |
48.79 |
45.16 |
63.64 |
35.9 |
0.0004 |
56.25 |
44.14 |
53.01 |
45 |
35.31 |
0.0054 |
62.61 |
56.42 |
45 |
45.65 |
33.85 |
<0.0001 |
55.38 |
38.15 |
33.55 |
38.1 |
18.58 |
<0.0001 |
23.08 |
25.64 |
26.67 |
20.37 |
10.38 |
<0.0001 |
| Alcohol problems |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15.63 |
3.6 |
6.02 |
15 |
0.78 |
<0.0001 |
53.91 |
34.65 |
42.73 |
45.65 |
19.08 |
<0.0001 |
33.85 |
14.12 |
20.51 |
14.29 |
11.42 |
<0.0001 |
56.72 |
22.58 |
29.03 |
37.27 |
12.36 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Gender attitudes and division of work | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gender equity score: low |
32.26 |
35.89 |
38.71 |
36.36 |
19.62 |
<0.0001 |
18.75 |
22.07 |
21.69 |
5 |
10.84 |
0.0022 |
26.96 |
31.36 |
18.18 |
13.04 |
16.72 |
<0.0001 |
3.13 |
2.26 |
4.55 |
4.76 |
1.42 |
0.142 |
23.88 |
17.22 |
26.23 |
6.73 |
11.42 |
0.0003 |
| Man dominates some or all of decisions at home |
68.18 |
54.24 |
48.89 |
25 |
53.28 |
0.442 |
57.14 |
50.26 |
48.72 |
50 |
40.17 |
0.109 |
45.45 |
46.38 |
46.9 |
44 |
40.87 |
0.337 |
51.61 |
41.86 |
42.66 |
42.11 |
22.55 |
<0.0001 |
51.85 |
43.95 |
65.91 |
28.85 |
25.36 |
<0.0001 |
| Relationship control: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Low |
29.03 |
40.32 |
32.26 |
27.27 |
31.98 |
<0.0001 |
18.75 |
38.29 |
20.48 |
45 |
32.18 |
<0.0001 |
26.96 |
42.98 |
39.09 |
32.61 |
39.38 |
<0.0001 |
1.54 |
5.08 |
4.49 |
9.52 |
5.19 |
0.0016 |
67.16 |
60.22 |
53.23 |
60 |
49.82 |
<0.0001 |
| Mid |
25.81 |
34.27 |
24.19 |
0 |
22.5 |
28.13 |
24.32 |
16.87 |
0 |
14.19 |
28.7 |
25 |
24.55 |
23.91 |
21.03 |
13.85 |
13.56 |
9.62 |
23.81 |
18.69 |
4.48 |
5.91 |
14.52 |
8.18 |
4.06 |
|||||
| Highly controlling |
25.81 |
19.76 |
19.35 |
9.09 |
8.85 |
18.75 |
24.32 |
15.66 |
0 |
6.15 |
26.09 |
23.9 |
19.09 |
13.04 |
12.31 |
80 |
80.23 |
82.05 |
66.67 |
66.78 |
17.91 |
15.05 |
17.74 |
8.18 |
5.51 |
|||||
| Missing/no partner | 19.35 | 5.65 | 24.19 | 63.64 | 36.66 | 34.38 | 13.06 | 46.99 | 55 | 47.49 | 18.26 | 8.11 | 17.27 | 30.43 | 27.28 | 4.62 | 1.13 | 3.85 | 0 | 9.34 | 10.45 | 18.82 | 14.52 | 23.64 | 40.61 | |||||
v. – very, VAW – violence against women