Table 5.

Nursing Interventions Used in POP Management.

Interventions/measures	Always		Sometimes		Never		Not available
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
I provide clean, calm, and a well-ventilated ward environment for POP management.	130	77.4	34	20.2	3	1.8	1	0.6
I lay patients on neat, well-laid bed postoperatively.	152	90.5	15	8.9	0	0.0	1	0.6
I use patient distraction, relaxation, and guided imagery postoperatively to reduce pain.	51	35.1	78	46.4	25	14.9	6	3.6
I use music therapy to reduce pain.	20	11.9	52	31.0	74	44.0	22	13.1
I use massaging and stretching to reduce POP.	21	12.5	75	44.7	58	34.5	14	8.3
I apply heat and cold compresses to manage POP.	42	25.0	91	54.1	30	17.9	5	3.0
I encourage prayer or meditation by patient or religious leader postoperatively.	32	19.0	83	49.4	45	26.8	8	4.8
I encourage use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator	2	1.2	4	2.4	82	48.8	80	47.6
I encourage use of acupuncture.	2	1.2	10	6.0	85	50.5	71	42.3
I encourage early ambulation/exercise with analgesia.	115	68.4	48	28.6	1	0.6	4	2.4
I dress, bandage, splint, and reinforce wound sites postoperatively.	122	72.6	43	25.6	2	1.2	1	0.6
I give opioids on a regular schedule.	61	36.3	85	50.6	20	11.9	2	1.2
I give opioids to pediatric patients as well as adult patients postoperatively.	30	17.9	93	55.4	37	22.0	8	4.8
I give patients sterile water by injection (placebo) to determine if the pain is real.	17	10.1	83	49.4	53	31.6	15	8.9
I combine opioids with NSAID's rather than single analgesic agents when managing POP as suggested by World Health Organization.	21	12.5	75	44.7	53	31.5	19	11.3
I give analgesics for postoperative pain only when the patient asks for the medication.	15	8.9	54	32.1	90	53.6	9	5.4
I give pethidine frequently to manage pain in children.	7	4.2	35	20.8	117	69.6	9	5.4
After I have given opioid analgesic, I administer subsequent doses to suit individual patient's response.	22	13.1	62	36.9	72	42.9	12	7.1

POP = postoperative pain; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.