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. 2020 Nov 26;11:596046. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596046

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Copyright © 2020 Zou, Yuan, Zhang, Wang, Chen, Yuan, Bian and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The association between GJIC and autophagy in cadmium induced hepatocyte injury. Combination treatment of 5 μmol/L Cd with 5 μmol/l GA or 5 μmol/L ATRA for 6 h, (A) Morphological observation of autophagosomes by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar = 1 μm. (B) BRL 3A cells were transfected with the EGFP-pmCherry-LC3 plasmid and subsequently treated with Cd or an inhibitor/inducer of autophagy. LC3 puncta were observed by confocal microscopy Scale bar = 20 μm. (C–G) The effects of GA and ATRA on autophagy-associated protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. Compared with the control group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; compared with the Cd treatment group, ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01.