Table 2. Simian Plasmodium parasites in wild macaques in SEA.
| Country | Location | Years | Type of macaques studied | Number of positive /number of samples tested (percentage positive) | Percentage of multiple infection among positive samples (%) | P. knowlesi (%) | P. cynomolgi (%) | P. inui (%) | P. fieldi (%) | P. coatneyi (%) | Unknown Plasmodium sp. | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cambodia | Vanny | 2011 | M. fascicularis | 44/54 (81.5%) | 27.3 | - | 50.0 | 22.2 | 1.9 | 29.6 | - | [57] |
| Indonesia | Bintan Island | 2007 | M. fascicularis | 16/20 (80.0%) | 25.0 | - | 65.0 | 25.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | - | [57] |
| Southern Sumatra | 2010 | M. fascicularis | 49/50 (98.0%) | 18.4 | - | 96.0 | 20.0 | - | - | - | [57] | |
| Sumatra | Not stated | M. fascicularis | 30/60 (50.0%) | NA | NA | NA | 48.3 | NA | NA | 3.3 | [58] | |
| West Java | Not stated | M. nemestrina | 4/4 (100.0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [58] | |
| Laos | Guidong | 2013 | M. fascicularis | 30/44 (68.2%) | 3.3 | 2.3 | 63.6 | - | 2.3 | - | - | [57] |
| Malaysia | Hulu Selangor | 2014 | M. fascicularis | 35/70 (50.0%) | 74.3 | 30.0 | 25.7 | 32.9 | 1.4 | 22.9 | - | [56] |
| Peninsular Malaysia | 2015 | M. fascicularis | NA | NA | 34.3 | 27.9 | 33.2 | 27.6 | 16.6 | - | [59] | |
| Kapit, Sarawak | 2004–2008 | M. fascicularis | 80/82 (97.6%) | 92.5 | 86.6 | 63.4 | 84.1 | 4.9 | 76.8 | - | [55] | |
| Kapit, Sarawak | 2004–2008 | M. nemestrina | 21/26 (80.8%) | 66.7 | 50.0 | 34.6 | 76.9 | - | 34.6 | - | [55] | |
| Sepilok, Sabah | 2010–2011 | M. fascicularis | 26/26 (100%) | NA | 15.4 | 11.5 | 30.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | [48] | |
| Sepilok, Sabah | 2010–2011 | M. nemestrina | 15/15 (100%) | NA | 13.3 | 6.7 | 60.0 | 20.0 | 6.7 | 6.7 | [48] | |
| Philippines | Montible subcolony and Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan | 1971–1972 | Macaca irus | 11/20 (55.0%) | 27.3 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 54.5 | [60] |
| Batangas, Southwestern Luzon | 2012 | M. fascicularis | 3/28 (10.7%) | 33.3 | - | 10.7 | - | - | 3.6 | - | [57] | |
| Zamboanga, Western Mindanao | 2012 | M. fascicularis | 4/40 (10.0%) | - | - | 2.5 | 5.0 | - | 2.5 | - | [57] | |
| National Wildlife Rescue and Research Center, Manila | 2017 | Captive macaques | 0/30 (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [61] | |
| Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan | 2017 | M. fascicularis | 40/40 (100%) | 90.0 | 45.0 | 57.5 | 92.5 | 90.0 | 47.5 | - | [61] | |
| Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center, Palawan | 2017 | M. fascicularis | 5/25 (20.0%) | 60.0 | - | - | 20.0 | 12.0 | - | - | [61] | |
| Singapore | Singapore | 2007 | M. fascicularis | 31/40 (77.5%) | 16.1 | - | 65.0 | 12.5 | 10.0 | - | - | [57] |
| Singapore | 2007–2011 | M. fascicularis | 66/92 (71.7%) | 42.4 | 48.9 | 43.5 | 1.1 | 12.0 | 2.2 | - | [62] | |
| Singapore | 2008–2011 | Peri-domestic macaque | 0/65 (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [62] | |
| Thailand | Ranong Province | 2006 | M. fascicularis | 5/21 (23.8%) | 20.0 | - | - | 23.8 | - | 4.8 | - | [63] |
| Prachuab Khirikhan Province | 2006 | Peri-domestic macaque | 0/78 (0%) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [63] | |
| Southern Thailand | 2008–2009 | M. fascicularis | 12/195 (6.2%) | 16.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3.6 | - | 1.5 | 0.5 | [64] | |
| Southern Thailand | 2008–2009 | M. nemestrina | 90/449 (20.0%) | 11.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 14.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 5.1 | [64] |
SEA, Southeast Asia.