Table 2. Maternal factors associated with low birth weight of children in India, NFHS-4.

Factors	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Mother-related factors
Pregnancy termination
Miscarriage	1.05	1.00–1.11	0.056	1.07	1.01–1.13	0.018	1.05	0.99–1.11	0.076
Abortion	1.06	0.97–1.15	0.199	1.07	0.99–1.17	0.091	1.08	0.99–1.18	0.068
Stillbirth	1.26	1.10–1.44	0.001	1.27	1.11–1.46	0.001	1.20	1.04–1.38	0.012
None (Ref.)
Any sign of pregnancy complications
No (Ref.)
Yes	1.08	1.05–1.11	<0.001	1.08	1.05–1.11	<0.001	1.08	1.05–1.11	<0.001
Maternal food diversity index
Low (Ref.)
Medium	0.90	0.86–0.93	<0.001	0.92	0.89–0.96	<0.001	0.94	0.91–0.98	0.004
High	0.88	0.84–0.93	<0.001	0.92	0.87–0.96	0.001	0.94	0.89–0.99	0.015
Maternal BMI
Underweight	1.34	1.29–1.38	<0.001	1.33	1.28–1.37	<0.001	1.28	1.23–1.32	<0.001
Normal (Ref.)
Overweight/obese	0.85	0.82–0.89	<0.001	0.87	0.83–0.90	<0.001	0.92	0.88–0.97	0.001
Maternal anemia
Not anemic (Ref.)
Anemic	1.06	1.03–1.09	<0.001	1.06	1.03–1.09	<0.001	1.06	1.03–1.09	<0.001
Health care factors
Number of ANC visits
None (Ref.)
1–3				0.87	0.83–0.91	<0.001	0.87	0.83–0.91	<0.001
≥4				0.82	0.78–0.86	<0.001	0.84	0.80–0.88	<0.001
Uptake of iron tablets/syrup during pregnancy
No (Ref.)
Yes				0.92	0.88–0.95	<0.001	0.94	0.90–0.98	0.002
Place of delivery
Home (Ref.)
Public health facility				0.85	0.81–0.90	<0.001	0.84	0.79–0.88	<0.001
Private health facility				0.92	0.87–0.97	0.004	0.97	0.91–1.03	0.314
Distance to health facility
No problem (Ref.)
Big problem				1.16	1.12–1.20	<0.001	1.10	1.06–1.14	<0.001
Not a big problem				1.09	1.05–1.12	<0.001	1.04	1.01–1.08	0.017
Covariates
Women's age (years)
15–24 (Ref.)
25–34							0.92	0.89–0.96	<0.001
35–49							0.96	0.90–1.02	0.215
Age at marriage (years)
<18							1.02	0.98–1.05	0.326
≥18 (Ref.)
Place of residence
Urban (Ref.)
Rural							0.88	0.85–0.91	<0.001
Caste
Forward caste (Ref.)
Scheduled caste							1.05	1.00–1.11	0.034
Scheduled tribe							0.93	0.88–0.99	0.013
Other backward classes							0.96	0.93–1.01	0.087
Religion
Hindu (Ref.)
Muslim							0.95	0.90–0.99	0.026
Others							0.79	0.74–0.84	<0.001
Birth order
1 (Ref.)
2							0.86	0.83–0.89	<0.001
≥3							0.86	0.82–0.90	<0.001
Maternal education
No education (Ref.)
Primary							1.02	0.98–1.08	0.337
Secondary							0.91	0.88–0.95	<0.001
Higher							0.73	0.68–0.77	<0.001
Wealth quintile
Poorest (Ref.)
Poorer							0.97	0.93–1.02	0.256
Middle							0.93	0.89–0.98	0.008
Richer							0.92	0.87–0.98	0.008
Richest							0.77	0.72–0.82	<0.001
Region
North (Ref.)
Central	1.00	0.96–1.04	0.892	0.97	0.93–1.01	0.151	0.90	0.86–0.94	<0.001
East	0.76	0.73–0.79	<0.001	0.72	0.69–0.76	<0.001	0.65	0.62–0.69	<0.001
Northeast	0.50	0.47–0.53	<0.001	0.50	0.47–0.52	<0.001	0.49	0.46–0.53	<0.001
West	0.97	0.92–1.02	0.215	0.96	0.90–1.01	0.115	0.88	0.83–0.94	<0.001
South	0.84	0.80–0.89	<0.001	0.86	0.82–0.91	<0.001	0.81	0.76–0.85	<0.001

Notes: Ref.: Reference category; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.