Multivariable models were adjusted for age (per ten years older), ethnicity, mode of transmission, baseline date (per year later), smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, prior AIDS event- cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, end stage liver disease, non-AIDS-defining malignancies and fractures, HBV and HCV status, viral load (<200 cp/mL, ≥200 cp/mL at baseline), CD4 count (nadir and baseline; both per 100 cells higher), treatment regimen and number of drugs in regimen. * cTO failure was defined as ≥1 of VL ≥50 cp/mL, unknown VL, any ART regimen change, AIDS events, or death. ** Individuals with known VL at 12±3 months without ART regimen change in the period.