Table 1. Background characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic | n = 431 |
|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 40.5 (11.6) |
| Female, n (%) | 261 (60.6) |
| Socioeconomic terciles, n (%) | |
| Low | 129 (30%) |
| Middle | 142 (33%) |
| Upper | 159 (37%) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), (kg/m2) | 21.9 (4.5) |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), (g/dl) | 12.3 (2.4) |
| HIV status, n (%) | |
| HIV-negative | 125 (29.0) |
| HIV-positive not on ART | 227 (52.7) |
| HIV-positive on ART | 79 (18.3) |
| Sickle cell, n (%) | |
| Normal (HbAA) | 321 (74.5) |
| Sickle cell trait (HbAS) | 110 (25.5) |
| Sickle cell disease (HbSS) | 0 (0.0) |
| α-thalassemia, n (%) | |
| No thalassemia | 193 (44.8) |
| Homozygousα+ AT | 52 (12.1) |
| Heterozygous α+ AT | 186 (43.1) |
| G6PD deficiency, n (%) | |
| Normal G6PD (G6PD(B)) | 263 (84.2) |
| Hemizygous (G6PD(A-)) | 24 (5.6) |
| Homozygous (G6PD(A-) | 4 (0.9) |
| Heterozygous (G6PD(A)) | 40 (9.3) |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD), (%) | 5.7 (1.1) |
| 2-hr glucose level in OGTT mean (SD), (mmol/L) | 8.2 (2.4) |
HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; ART, antiretroviral therapy; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.