Table 3. Association of hemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency with prediabetes/diabetes diagnosis by HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
| PD/DM by HbA1c | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | PD/DM Prevalence, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI)1 | P1 | Overall P1 | Adjusted OR (95% CI)2 | P2 | Overall P2 |
| Sickle cell trait | |||||||
| No SCT3 | 178 (55.5) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| SCT | 22 (20.0) | 0.20 (0.12, 0.34) | < 0.001 | 0.15 (0.08, 0.26) | < 0.001 | ||
| α-thalassemia | |||||||
| No α-thalassemia3 | 83 (43.1) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Homozygous α+ AT | 29 (55.8) | 1.67 (0.90, 3.10) | 0.10 | 0.25 | 1.61 (0.82, 3.16) | 0.17 | 0.37 |
| Heterozygous α+ AT | 88 (47.3) | 1.19 (0.79, 1.78) | 0.84 | 1.17 (0.75, 1.81) | 1.81 | ||
| G6PD deficiency | |||||||
| No G6PD deficiency3 (G6PD (B)) | 176 (48.5) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Hemizygous (G6PD (A-)) | 8 (33.3) | 0.53 (0.22, 1.27) | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.40 (0.15, 1.11) | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Homozygous (G6PD (A-)) | 1 (25.0) | 0.35 (0.04, 3.44) | 0.37 | 0.19 (0.02, 2.07) | 0.17 | ||
| Heterozygous (G6PD (A)) | 15 (37.5) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.25) | 0.19 | 0.53 (0.25, 1.14) | 0.10 | ||
| PD/DM by 2-hr OGTT | |||||||
| Sickle cell trait | |||||||
| No SCT3 | 151 (47.0) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| SCT | 60 (54.5) | 1.35 (0.87, 2.09) | 0.18 | 1.28 (0.82, 2.00) | 0.28 | ||
| α-thalassemia | |||||||
| No α-thalassemia3 | 89 (46.1) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Homozygous α+ AT | 32 (61.5) | 1.87 (1.00, 3.50) | 0.05 | 0.14 | 2.00 (1.04, 3.84) | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| Heterozygous α+ AT | 90 (48.4) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.64) | 0.66 | 1.15 (0.76, 1.74) | 0.51 | ||
| G6PD deficiency | |||||||
| No G6PD deficiency3 (G6PD (B)) | 181 (49.9) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Hemizygous (G6PD (A-)) | 16 (66.7) | 2.01 (0.84, 4.82) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 1.81 (0.72, 4.59) | 0.21 | 0.13 |
| Homozygous (G6PD (A-)) | 2 (50.0) | 1.01 (0.14, 7.21) | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.16, 9.61) | 0.83 | ||
| Heterozygous (G6PD (A)) | 12 (30.0) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.87) | 0.02 | 0.47 (0.22, 0.99) | 0.05 | ||
SCT, sickle cell trait; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; PD/DM, prediabetes/diabetes.
1Unadjusted analysis; variables involved in unadjusted analysis were age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, HIV status and hemoglobin level.
2Adjusted for all variables associated with PD/DM by HbA1c or OGTT, with overall p. value of < 0.2 before adjusted. Those variables were age, sex, body mass index, HIV status and hemoglobin level.
3For each trait, the reference group comprised participants without that specific trait, even though they may have one or both of the other traits investigated.