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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Signal. 2020 Nov 17;78:109838. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109838

Fig. 4. Musicians in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis—a large ensemble.

Fig. 4.

The intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of ceramide-assisted apoptosis is largely regulated by caspases and Bcl-2 family members. Crosstalk between signaling members is designated by arrows. Loss of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP) subsequently leads to the release of proapoptotic proteins: cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)–direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein with low PI (DIABLO). GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; HRK, harakiri; JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting protein.