TABLE 1.

Gaze communication between dogs/cats and humans.

Dogs	References	Cats	References
Response to human gaze
Stole food less often	Call et al., 2003; Kaminski et al., 2013	Avoided the gaze of familiar human	Koyasu and Nagasawa, 2019
Obeyed more commands of their owners	Schwab and Huber, 2006	Selected food from humans who looked at them	Ito et al., 2016
Fetched the toy that humans could see in the situation with two toys	Call et al., 2003
Increased attention-getting behaviors	Ohkita et al., 2016
Selected food from humans who looked at them	Gácsi et al., 2004
Using human signals
Used human pointing in the task of selecting one of two containers	Miklosi et al., 2005	Used human pointing in the task of selecting one of two containers	Miklosi et al., 2005
Used human gaze direction with pointing in the task of selecting one of two containers	Hare et al., 2002	Looked in the direction indicated by human gaze (with head movements)	Pongrácz et al., 2019
Looked in the direction directed by human gaze (with head movements)	Hare et al., 1998; Agnetta et al., 2000; Téglás et al., 2012; Met et al., 2014	Followed the container that humans visited in a situation with two food containers	Chijiiwa et al., 2020
Followed the container that humans visited in a situation with two food containers	Chijiiwa et al., 2020; Nagasawa et al., 2020
Social reference
Looked alternately at the food and the owner when it could access the food	Miklosi et al., 2005, Lazzaroni et al., 2020	Did not look alternately at the food and the owner when it could not access the food	Miklosi et al., 2005
Looked alternately at the strange object and the owner	Merola et al., 2012a,b	Looked alternately at the strange object and the owner	Merola et al., 2015
The role of gaze in bond formation
Increased attention-getting behaviors in dogs, which function as attachment behaviors in response to human gaze	Ohkita et al., 2016	Eyeblink synchronization during mutual gazing	Koyasu et al., 2020
Dog owner’s oxytocin secretion increased in response to the dog’s gaze	Nagasawa et al., 2009
An oxytocin-mediated positive loop of bond formation facilitated and modulated by gazing, like mother-infant	Nagasawa et al., 2015
Eyeblink synchronization during mutual gazing	Koyasu et al., 2020