TABLE 1.
Drug resistance of representative bacterial pathogens, pathogenic fungi, and probiotics in food and seafood products.a
| Indicator microorganisms | Sourceb | Mediac | T(°C) | Antibiotic sensitivityd |
|||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||||
| Lactic acid bacteria (Probiotics) | |||||||||||||||
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Yogurt | MRS | 37 | +++ | ++ | − | − | +++ | − | +++ | − | +++ | − | − | − |
| Pediococcus pentosaceus | Tilapia gut | MRS | 37 | ++ | ++ | − | − | +++ | − | +++ | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Lactobacillus casei | Pickle | MRS | 37 | +++ | − | − | +++ | − | − | − | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Lactococcus lactis | Pleurotus eryngii | MRS | 37 | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Leuconostoc mesenteroides | Shrimp gut | MRS | 37 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Gram-positive pathogen | |||||||||||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | ATCC 19111 | BHI | 37 | +++ | − | +++ | − | ++ | − | ++ | ++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 12600 | TSA | 37 | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | ATCC 14990 | BHI | 37 | − | ++ | ++ | − | − | + | + | + | +++ | + | − | − |
| Staphylococcus warneri | ATCC 27836 | TSA | 37 | − | − | +++ | + | − | ++ | − | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | ATCC 29970 | TSA | 37 | +++ | − | +++ | +++ | − | ++ | − | − | +++ | − | − | − |
| Bacillus cereus | ATCC 14579 | TSA | 37 | + | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Gram-negative pathogen | |||||||||||||||
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | ATCC 17802 | BHI | 37 | ++ | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | ++ | − | − | − |
| Vibrio harveyi | ATCC 33843 | TSA | 37 | +++ | − | ++ | − | − | − | + | +++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Vibrio vulnificus | ATCC 27562 | BHI | 37 | +++ | − | − | − | − | + | +++ | + | + | − | − | − |
| Vibrio campbellii | ATCC 33863 | TSA | 37 | − | ++ | +++ | − | − | + | − | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 10145 | TSA | 37 | − | − | +++ | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | − | − | − |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | ATCC 7966 | TSA | 37 | − | +++ | +++ | ++ | − | ++ | + | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Indicator microorganisms | Sourceb | Mediac | T(°C) |
Antibiotic sensitivityd |
|||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||||
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 | ATCC 35150 | TSA | 37 | +++ | + | ++ | − | − | ++ | + | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Salmonella choleraesuis | ATCC 10708 | TSA | 37 | + | +++ | ++ | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Salmonella typhimurium | CMCC(B) 50115 | TSA | 37 | +++ | − | +++ | − | − | ++ | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Shigella flexneri | ATCC 29903 | TSA | 37 | +++ | +++ | +++ | − | − | + | ++ | − | + | − | − | − |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | ATCC 9610 | TSA | 37 | − | − | − | − | − | ++ | + | ++ | +++ | − | − | − |
| Proteus mirabilis | ATCC 29906 | TSA | 37 | +++ | + | − | − | − | + | − | ++ | − | − | − | − |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | ATCC 51329 | TSA | 37 | +++ | ++ | + | − | − | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | − | − |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | ATCC 13883 | TSA | 37 | − | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Enterobacter aerogenes | CMCC(B) 45103 | TSA | 37 | − | − | +++ | − | − | + | − | − | ++ | − | − | − |
| Pathogenic fungi | |||||||||||||||
| Rhizopus oryzae | GIM 3.126 | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Aspergillus niger | Grape | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ++ |
| Aspergillus flavus | GIM 3.18 | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | GIM 3.19 | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | − |
| Peronophythora litchii | Litchi | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ++ |
| Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Mango | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Penicillium polonicum | Orange | PDA | 28 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | − |
aThe experimental concentration of each antibiotic was 100 ug/ml. 1, Ampicillin; 2, chloramphenicol; 3, Tetracycline; 4, Chlorotetracycline; 5, Erythromycin; 6, kanamycin; 7, Azithromycin; 8, Apramycin; 9, Gentamicin; 10, Spectinomycin; 11, Benomyl; 12, Actidione. bATCC, American Type Culture Collection; CMCC, National Center for Medical Culture Collections; Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus were purchased from Guangdong Culture Collection Center; The other indicator bacteria were isolated from different food samples and stored in our laboratory. cMRS, de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium; TSA, Trypticase Soya Agar; BHI, Brain Heart Infusion; PDA, Potato Dextrose Agar. dThe inhibition zone (IZ) were measured based on the agar disk diffusion assay. −: Sensitivity, IZ ≤ 9; +: Slight resistance, 9 ≤ IZ < 15 mm; ++: Moderate resistance, 15 ≤ IZ < 21 mm; +++: High resistance, IZ ≥ 21 mm.