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. 2020 Dec 31;10:22431. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80087-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Licking and grooming (A) and arched-back nursing (B) behavior at PD2, PD6, PD14, and PD20 in separated (black) and unseparated (grey) dams. Separated dams were expressing significantly higher licking and grooming behavior. Amount of 50-kHz (C) and 22-kHz (D) frequencies calls: Separated dams (black) vocalized significantly more at 50-kHz and 22-kHz frequencies at the last day measured compared to control dams (grey). Mean number of 50-kHz and 22-kHz USV calls ± SEM are presented for n = 8 controls and n = 8 separated dams. Data were analyzed by student’s t-test.