TABLE 4.

Existing studies about the quantification of MCP joint stiffness on both subjects with chronic stroke and no neurological deficit.

Test subjects	Studies	MAS	Estimated MCP stiffness km (Nm/rad)
Subjects with chronic stroke	Towles et al., 2010	1 – 31	∼ 0.09337 to ∼1.12894 (n = 12)
	Kamper and Rymer, 2000	3	∼0.60733 to ∼ 0.88236 (n = 3)
		2	∼0.22345 to ∼ 0.55004 (n = 6)
	Brokaw et al., 2011	2	∼0.53476 (n = 1)
		1+	∼0.14323 (n = 1)
Subjects with no neurological deficit	Kuo and Deshpande, 2012	–	∼0.01578 to ∼ 0.21046 (n = 10)2
	Esteki and Mansour, 1996	–	∼0.02535 to ∼0.05792 (n = 3)2

¹Joint stiffness values were organized as a whole group without classification with respect to different MAS.

²Values were estimated in the angle region between 0° and resting angle θ_{0_ m}. Stiffness increase when approaching full MCP joint flexion and extension was not considered.