Table 2.
Risk factors of severe psychological stress in all patients on multivariate regression analysis
| Independent variable, n = 1672 | Odds ratio (95% CI)a |
|---|---|
| ART facility | |
| A | Reference |
| B | 0.82 (0.46–1.47) |
| C | 0.79 (0.40–1.54) |
| D | 1.06 (0.59–1.88) |
| Age | |
| < 29 years | Reference |
| 30–39 years | 0.75 (0.30–1.86) |
| ≥ 40 years | 0.66 (0.25–1.76) |
| Educational background | |
| High school or junior high school | Reference |
| Junior college or professional school | 1.18 (0.62–2.25) |
| University | 1.23 (0.62–2.44) |
| Graduate school | 1.10 (0.33–3.65) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | Reference |
| Unmarried | 1.72 (0.54–5.49) |
| Living with a partner | |
| Yes | Reference |
| No | 1.18 (0.37–3.79) |
| Annual family incomeb | |
| > USD74,200 (JPY8 million) | Reference |
| USD55,700–74,200 (JPY6-8 million) | 1.27 (0.72–2.27) |
| < USD55,700 (JPY6 million) | 1.89 (1.04–3.42)c |
| Duration of infertility | |
| < 2 years | Reference |
| ≥ 2 years | 1.87 (1.08–3.25)c |
| Past history of childbirth | |
| Yes | Reference |
| No | 2.04 (1.05–3.97)c |
| Fertility treatment | |
| Non-ART treatment | Reference |
| ART treatment | 0.75 (0.43–1.34) |
| Adjuvant treatment in fertility treatmentd | |
| No | Reference |
| Yes | 1.42 (0.91–2.20) |
| Cumulative expense for fertility treatmentb | |
| < USD9,300 (JPY1 million) | Reference |
| USD9,300–27,800 (JPY1-3 million) | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) |
| > USD27,800 (JPY3 million) | 1.18 (0.59–2.36) |
| Fitness habite | |
| Yes | Reference |
| No | 1.72 (0.92–3.23) |
| Smoking | |
| Never smoker | Reference |
| Former smoker | 1.45 (0.92–2.28) |
| Current smoker | 0.83 (0.24–2.90) |
| Alcoholf | |
| No | Reference |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) |
CI, confidence interval; ART, assisted reproductive technology; USD, United States dollar; JPY, Japanese yen; n, number of women
aThe logistic regression model included ART facility, age, educational background, marriage state, living with a partner, family income, duration of infertility, past history of childbirth, fertility treatment, adjuvant treatment, cumulative expense for fertility treatment, fitness habits, smoking, alcohol
bConverted to USD from JPY using average USD exchange rate in May 2020 published by Bank for International Settlements (JPY107.8/USD)
cStatistically significant values
dAdjuvant treatment in infertility includes acupuncture, body massage, finger-pressure therapy, herbal medicine, yoga, chiropractic treatment, and nutrition supplementation
eFitness habit is more than 30 min daily exercise at least 2 days a week for 1 year or more. fAlcohol is one time or more per week of drink