Table 3.
Reliability and validity of the constructs.
| Measurable Item | Mean | S.D. | Cronbach's alpha | PLS loadings | AVE | CR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP | Sense of presence (adapted from Pizzi et al. [77]) | 0.924 | 0.768 | 0.943 | |||
| SP1 | During experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt the normal experience of being in a tourist destination. | 4.442 | 1.420 | 0.875 | |||
| SP2 | During experiencing the 360° virtual tour, the destination attraction was the reality for me. | 4.674 | 1.344 | 0.906 | |||
| SP3 | When I memorized the 360° virtual tour, the images of the destination attraction like the place I have visited. | 4.545 | 1.394 | 0.901 | |||
| SP4 | During experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I was strongest by the destination attraction or of being elsewhere. | 4.814 | 1.274 | 0.842 | |||
| SP5 | During experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I often thought to myself that I was actually in the destination attraction. | 4.537 | 1.302 | 0.902 | |||
| EN | Enjoyment (adapted from Kim et al. [30]) | 0.948 | 0.828 | 0.960 | |||
| EN1 | Experiencing the 360° virtual tour was enjoyable for me. | 4.736 | 1.102 | 0.912 | |||
| EN2 | Experiencing the 360° virtual tour was exciting for me. | 4.553 | 1.245 | 0.916 | |||
| EN3 | Experiencing the 360° virtual tour was fun for me. | 4.932 | 1.150 | 0.907 | |||
| EN4 | Experiencing the 360° virtual tour was pleasurable for me. | 4.868 | 1.147 | 0.936 | |||
| EN5 | Experiencing the 360° virtual tour kept me happy. | 4.847 | 1.096 | 0.900 | |||
| TP | Telepresence (adapted from Kim and Ko [20]) | 0.898 | 0.831 | 0.937 | |||
| TP1 | When I was experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I forgot about my physical location. | 4.251 | 1.324 | 0.899 | |||
| TP2 | When I was experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt I was in a tourist destination. | 4.540 | 1.299 | 0.948 | |||
| TP3 | When I was experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt my mind was inside a tourist destination. | 4.698 | 1.173 | 0.900 | |||
| IN | Involvement (adapted from Kim and Ko [20]) | 0.807 | 0.721 | 0.886 | |||
| IN1 | To me the 360° virtual tour was irrelevant (1)/relevant (7) | 4.413 | 1.183 | 0.855 | |||
| IN2 | To me the 360° virtual tour was boring (1)/interesting (7) | 4.860 | 1.040 | 0.835 | |||
| IN3 | To me the 360° virtual tour was unimportant (1)/important (7) | 4.153 | 1.085 | 0.884 | |||
| SA | Satisfaction with the 360° virtual tour experience (adapted from Kim et al. [19,30]) | 0.863 | 0.785 | 0.916 | |||
| SA1 | I was satisfied with the authentic experience from the 360° virtual tour. | 5.030 | 1.081 | 0.878 | |||
| SA2 | I was satisfied with the genuine experience from the 360° virtual tour. | 4.872 | 1.126 | 0.898 | |||
| SA3 | I was satisfied with the unique experience from the 360° virtual tour. | 4.774 | 1.208 | 0.905 | |||
| SR | Stress reduction (four symptoms of stress acquired from betterheal.vic.gov.au [78]) | 0.964 | 0.902 | 0.973 | |||
| SR1 | After experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt that the tension caused by the COVID-19 epidemic has decreased. | 4.694 | 1.261 | 0.940 | |||
| SR2 | After experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt that the upset caused by the COVID-19 epidemic has decreased. | 4.745 | 1.246 | 0.961 | |||
| SR3 | After experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt that the panic caused by the COVID-19 epidemic has decreased. | 4.719 | 1.247 | 0.959 | |||
| SR4 | After experiencing the 360° virtual tour, I felt that the pressure caused by the COVID-19 epidemic has decreased. | 4.766 | 1.255 | 0.954 | |||