Table 2.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19
| Characteristic or clinical outcome | All (n = 1904) | Low poverty (n = 1140) | High poverty (n = 764) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years ± SD) | 65.8 (± 16.0) | 66.8 (± 15.7) | 62.3 (± 16.8) | < 0.001 |
| Age groups (years) | < 0.001 | |||
| <40 | 151 (7.9) | 68 (6.0) | 83 (10.9) | |
| 40–60 | 532 (27.9) | 294 (25.8) | 238 (31.1) | |
| >60 | 1221 (64.1) | 778 (68.2) | 443 (58.0) | |
| Gender | 0.115 | |||
| Male | 1118 (58.7) | 686 (60.2) | 432 (56.5) | |
| Female | 786 (41.3) | 454 (39.8) | 332 (43.5) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 459 (24.1) | 345 (30.3) | 114 (14.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 523 (27.5) | 268 (23.5) | 255 (33.4) | |
| Other | 835 (43.9) | 473 (41.5) | 362 (47.4) | |
| Unknown | 87 (4.6) | 54 (4.7) | 33 (4.3) | |
| BMI > 30* | 653 (36.6) | 367 (34.7) | 286 (39.3) | 0.043 |
| Comorbidities† | ||||
| Asthma | 218 (11.5) | 113 (9.9) | 105 (13.7) | 0.010 |
| Prior VTE | 83 (4.4) | 38 (3.3) | 45 (5.9) | 0.007 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 285 (15) | 146 (12.8) | 139 (18.2) | 0.001 |
| Hospital Course | ||||
| Clinical measures | ||||
|
Mechanical ventilation required |
497 (26.1) | 331 (29.0) | 166 (21.7) | < 0.001 |
| Bleeding event | 30 (1.6) | 15 (1.3) | 15 (2.0) | 0.266 |
| Overt thrombosis | 47 (2.5) | 30 (2.6) | 17 (2.2) | 0.575 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 128 (6.7) | 86 (7.5) | 42 (5.5) | 0.081 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Died | 595 (31.3) | 419 (36.7) | 176 (23.0) | < 0.001 |
| Alive at last follow up | 1309 (68.7) | 721 (63.3) | 588 (77.0) | < 0.001 |
|
Mean time to death (days ± SD)‡ |
10.2 (± 8.7) | 9.8 (± 8.6) | 11.2 (± 8.8) | 0.066 |
|
Mean length of follow up for surviving patients (days ± SD) |
21.38 (± 13.50) | 20.87 (± 13.5) | 22.01 (± 13.4) | 0.125 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)
BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, VTE venous thromboembolism
*118 patients had unknown or missing BMI data
†Only comorbidities that were found to differ significantly between poverty groups in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are reported. All other comorbidities reported in Table 1 were assessed and none found to be significant
‡Calculation of mean time to death included only patients who were deceased at the time of last follow up