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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2020 Jul 2;28(3):472–492. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1787942

Table 4.

Percentage of intact sample that displayed smaller-than-expected practice effects, expected practice effects, or greater-than-expected practice effects based on standardized regression-based methodology

Practice Effect
Smaller-Than- Expected Expected Greater-Than-Expected p value
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised
Total Recall 5 93 2 .32
Delayed Recall 2 98 0 .02
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised
Total Recall 6 94 0 .06
Delayed Recall 1 97 2 .04
Symbol Digit Modality Test 4 91 5 .83
Trail Making Test
Part A 2 94 4 .26
Part B 2 95 3 .18

Note. p value = significance of chi square tests between Observed distribution and Expected distribution based on the normal curve distribution of z scores (5% display smaller-than-expected practice effects, 90% display expected practice effects, 5% display greater-than-expected practice effects).