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. 2021 Jan 1;10:1. doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-00435-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a OPD images measured by DH (left) and DF-DH (right). b Cross-sectional profiles along the white dotted lines in (a). The blue and orange curves represent the results obtained by DH and DF-DH, respectively. c OPD image measured by DF-DH without the sample. An artificial object (indicated by the arrow) with the maximum OPD in the FOV (0.68 rad) is generated with the SLM. The area is used for the sensitivity evaluation. d Illumination intensity ratio of DF-DH and DH versus the maximum OPD value in the FOV. The data show good agreement with the theoretical curve (solid line). e OPD noise (standard deviation of temporal OPD) versus illumination intensity ratio of DF-DH and DH. The blue dotted line indicates the OPD noise of DH and is shown as a reference. The data show good agreement with the theoretical curve (solid line) described in Supplementary Information 2.3