Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Clinical Parameter | Stage of CAVS |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 106) | Mild (N = 15) | Moderate (N = 38) | Severe (N = 49) | p Value∗ | |
| Age, yrs | 70 (62,79) | 72 (62,79) | 75 (67,80) | 67 (61,72) | 0.101 |
| Male | 73 (68) | 11 (73.3) | 24 (63.2) | 36 (73.5) | 0.551 |
| Height, cm | 171 (163,176) | 173 (160,177) | 170 (165,175) | 174 (165,178) | 0.708 |
| Weight, kg | 84 (74,97) | 77 (51,93) | 84 (74,97) | 91 (78,101) | 0.049 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.97 ± 0.22 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 2 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.2 | 0.029 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 ± 5.6 | 25 ± 5.2 | 29.5 ± 5 | 30.6 ± 5.8 | 0.004 |
| History of hypertension | 68 (64) | 8 (53.3) | 29 (76.3) | 34 (69.4) | 0.577 |
| Smoking history | 56 (53) | 5 (33.3) | 28 (73.7) | 22 (44.9) | 0.005 |
| Current | 10 (9) | 0 | 5 (13.1) | 5 (10.2) | |
| Previous | 43 (41) | 5 (33.3) | 22 (57.8) | 16 (32.6) | |
| Never | 44 (42) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (21) | 26 (53) | |
| Medication | |||||
| Antihypertensive treatment | 65 (61) | 8 (53.3) | 24 (63.2) | 30 (61.2) | 0.872 |
| ACE inhibitors | 31 (29) | 6 (40) | 10 (26.3) | 14 (28.6) | 0.541 |
| ARBs | 11 (10) | 2 (13.3) | 4 (10.5) | 4 (8.2) | 0.807 |
| Statins | 59 (55) | 4 (26.7) | 21 (55.3) | 32 (65.3) | 0.031 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.5 (1.7,3.2) | 2.6 (1.9,3.6) | 2.5 (2.0,3.5) | 2.5 (1.7,3.2) | 0.714 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.3 (1.0,1.6) | 1.3 (1.0,1.8) | 1.3 (1.0,1.5) | 1.3 (1.0,1.6) | 0.477 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.4 (0.9,1.7) | 1.1 (0.8,1.6) | 1.4 (0.9,1.7) | 1.4 (1.0,1.8) | 0.401 |
| Random glucose, mmol/l | 6.4 (5.4,8.3) | 6.5 (5.6,7.5) | 6.2 (5.5,9.7) | 6.5 (5.2,8.3) | 0.903 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 83 (71,102) | 82 (59,91) | 83 (70,99) | 82 (71,109) | 0.722 |
| Doppler echocardiographic data | |||||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 29 (28) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (26.3) | 14 (28.6) | 0.841 |
| Aortic valve calcification score | |||||
| 1 | 10 (10) | 8 (53.3) | 0 | 1 (2) | |
| 2 | 28 (27) | 2 (13.3) | 14 (36.8) | 10 (20.4) | |
| 3 | 39 (38) | 3 (20) | 16 (42.1) | 20 (40.8) | |
| 4 | 18 (18) | 0 | 6 (15.7) | 12 (24.4) | |
| 5 | 7 (7) | 1 (6.67) | 1 (2.63) | 5 (10.2) | |
| Peak aortic jet velocity, m/s | 4.0 (3.6,4.5) | 2.3 (1.6,2.7) | 3.8 (3.5,3.9) | 4.5 (4.2,5.1) | <0.001 |
| Peak pressure gradient, mm Hg | 65 (50,81) | 18 (14,27) | 57 (48,61) | 82 (73,103) | <0.001 |
| Mean pressure gradient, mm Hg | 39 (30,50) | 11 (8,15) | 34 (29,37) | 51 (46,65) | <0.001 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 0.9 (0.7,1.0) | 1.7 (1.2,2.3) | 0.9 (0.8,1.0) | 0.8 (0.6,0.9) | <0.001 |
| Indexed aortic valve area, cm2/m2 | 0.4 (0.4,0.5) | 0.9 (0.7,1.2) | 0.5 (0.4,0.5) | 0.4 (0.3,0.5) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2 | 128 (102,149) | 166 (141,188) | 114 (89,134) | 127 (103,145) | 0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 60 (55,60) | 50 (40,60) | 60 (55,60) | 60 (60,60) | 0.030 |
Values are median (25th, 75th percentiles), n (%), or mean ± SD. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and the Kruskal-Wallis test or 1-way analysis of variance was used for continuous variables to assess for statistical significance between sample groups as applicable based on data distribution.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
∗
The p values were obtained after subgroup comparison (mild, moderate, and severe groups) based on mean pressure gradient.