Table 1.

Studies demonstrating the impact of bronchoconstriction on airway remodelling.

	recapitulated features of airway remodelling by experiments
features of airway remodelling	in vitro compressive system	PCLS Contraction	bronchoconstriction in vivo
inflammation	possible	not determined	not detected [26] increased macrophages [47]
subepithelial collagen deposition	collagen type III [27]	probable (given TGF-β release [48])	collagen type III [26]
goblet cell hyperplasia	MUC5AC [13]	not determined	PAS staining [26]
airway smooth muscle-cell proliferation and contraction	increased proliferation, increased contraction [16]	increased contractile phenotype marker protein [48]	not observed [47]