Table 5.

Investigations examining the effects of caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) on exercise performance

Author	Participants	Protocol	Results
Doering et al. 2014 [69]	Well-trained cyclists (n = 10)	• 10 s rinse 35 mg caffeine/25 mL X 8 • Placebo rinse	⬌ plasma caffeine levels ⬌ cycling TT Performance
De Pauw et al. 2015 [70]	Healthy males (n = 10)	• 20 s- 25 mL Rinse 1.2% caffeine • 20 s- 25 mL Rinse 6.4% CHO • Placebo Rinse	*↑ stroop task performance
Pomportes et al. 2017 [71]	Physically active males (n = 16) and females (n = 6)	• 20 s- 25 mL rinse 67 mg caffeine • 20 s- 25 mL rinse 7.0% CHO • 20 s- 25 mL rinse 0.4 g guarana • Placebo rinse	⬌ variability or production durations ⬌ errors made
Beaven et al. 2013 [72]	Recreationally active males (n = 12)	• 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 6% CHO • Placebo rinse	*↑ mean power in first sprint for caffeine and CHO rinses NS ↑ maximal power in first two sprints
Beaven et al. 2013 [72]	Recreationally active males (n = 12)	• 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 6.0% CHO • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine + 6.0% CHO	*↑ peak power in first sprint *↑ mean power in fifth sprint
Kizzi et al. 2016 [73]	Glycogen depleted, recreationally active males (n = 8)	• 10 s- 25 mL rinse 2.0% caffeine • Placebo rinse	⬌ mean and peak power in 4th and 5th sprint
Sinclair and Bottoms 2014 [74]	Healthy males (n = 12)	• 5 s- 25 mL rinse 0.032% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 6.4% CHO • Placebo rinse	*↑ arm crank TT performance
Bottoms et al. 2014 [74]	Healthy males (n = 12)	• 5 s- 125 mL rinse w/ 32 mg of caffeine • 5 s – 6.4% CHO solution • Placebo rinse	*↑ distance cycled during the caffeine mouth rinse trial (16.2 ± 2.8 km) was significantly greater compared to placebo trial (14.9 ± 2.6 km). There was no difference between CHO and caffeine trials
Pataky et al. 2016 [75]	Recreationally trained male (n = 25) and female (n = 13) cyclists	• Placebo rinse + 6 mg/kg caffeine capsule • 25 mL rinse 300 mg caffeine + placebo capsule • 25 mL rinse 300 mg caffeine + 6 mg/kg caffeine capsule	*↑ 3 km cycling TT performance
Lesniak et al. 2016 [76]	Recreationally active females (n = 7)	• 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 6.0% CHO • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine + 6% CHO	⬌ cycling TT performance
Dolan et al. 2017 [77]	College lacrosse players (n = 10)	• 5 s- 25 mL Rinse 1.2% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL Rinse 6.0% CHO • 5 s- 25 mL Rinse 1.2% caffeine + 6.0% CHO • Placebo rinse • No rinse	⬌ intermittent sport performance
Clarke et al. 2015 [78]	Recreationally resistance-trained males (n = 15)	• 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 6.0% CHO • 5 s- 25 mL rinse 1.2% caffeine + 6.0% CHO • Placebo rinse	⬌ total weight lifted

Bold text associated with reported trial outcomes; s = seconds, mL = milliliters, CHO = carbohydrate, TT time trial, * = significant difference, NS = non-significant difference, ↑ = improved performance, ↓ = decreased, ⬌ = no improvement/change, mg = milligrams