Table 6.

Investigations examining the effects of caffeine nasal sprays on exercise and cognitive performance

Author	Participants	Protocol	Results
De Pauw et al. 2017 [79]	Healthy males (n = 10)	• Nasal spray 15 mg/mL caffeine • Nasal spray 80 mg/mL glucose • Placebo nasal spray	*↑ activity of cingulate, insular, and sensory-motor cortices ⬌ stroop task performance
De Pauw et al. 2017 [80]	Moderately trained males (n = 11)	• Nasal spray 15 mg/mL caffeine • Nasal spray 80 mg/mL glucose • Placebo nasal spray	⬌ plasma caffeine levels ⬌ wingate performance ⬌ 30 min cycling TT performance ⬌ stroop task performance
Laizure et al. 2017 [81]	Healthy adults (n = 17)	• Inspired powder 100 mg/mL caffeine (AeroShot) • Oral solution 100 mg/248 mL caffeine	⬌ peak plasma caffeine levels ⬌ bioavailability

mg/mL = milligram per milliliter, TT = time trial, * = significant difference, ⬌ = no improvement/change, ↑ = increased, ↓ = decreased, min = minute