Table 1.

Reported cases of frontonasal dysplasia (FND) in ruminants with their phenotypes

Species	Breed	Phenotype	References
Cattle	Hereford	Holoprosencephaly, arhinencephaly, hypotelorism	Cho et al. (1985) [9]
	Holstein Frisian	Cyclopia	Hammoda and Abdoud (1989) [10]
	Japanese Brown	Median cleft of the face, shortened upper jaw, ocular hypertelorism,	Moritomo et al. (1999) [11]
	German Fleckvieh	Cyclopia and arhinia	Schulze and Distl (2006) [1]
	Holstein	Cyclopia, holoprosencephaly	Kim et al. (2006) [12]
	Brown Swiss crossbreed	Cyclopia with prosencephalic aplasia, brachygnathia superior and arrhinia	ÖZcan et al. (2006) [13]
	Crossbreed	Cyclopia, absent muzzle and all the skeletal structures of the nose, protruding tongue	Malik et al. (2013) [14]
	Crossbreed	Mild hypotelorism, microphthalmia, cheiloschisis, arhinencephaly	Osman et al. (2013) [15]
	Holstein crossbreed	Synophthalmia, arrhinia	Nourani et al. (2014) [16]
	Holstein	Shortening of the nasal structures, micrognatia superior, shortened mandibles, protrusion of the tongue, bilateral eye prolapse, brain malformations	Agerholm et al. (2017) [17]
Buffalo	Surti	Shortened upper jaw, prolonged lower jaw, protruding tongue, nose divided by furrows, hydrocephalus	Pandey et al. (2010) [18]
	Murrah	Cyclopia with cleft palate and complete absence of muzzle	Singh et al. (2013) [19]
	Mediterranean River	Underdeveloped incisive, maxillary and nasal bones with a consequent tongue prolapse, and lower jaw deformities	Albarella et al. (2017) [20]
Sheep	Texel	Aprosencephaly with otocephaly	Brachthäuser et al. (2012) [21]
	Cabugi hair sheep	Domed head with a short nasal bone and curved mandible	Dantas et al. (2014) [22]
	–	Cyclopia (monkey face lamb disease)	Welch et al. (2009) [23]
Goat	Balady	Cyclopia with small upper jaw and large protruded lower jaw	Rashed et al. (2014) [24]