Table 2.
Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with fertility preferences among women of reproductive age in Ghana.
Source: Computed from 2014 GDHS
| Variables | Model 1 cOR 95% CI |
Model 2 aOR 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Wealth quintile | ||
| Poorest | 1.06 [0.89–1.26] | 1.02 [0.67–1.56] |
| Poorer | 0.62*** [0.51–0.74] | 0.85 [0.60–1.21] |
| Middle | 0.73** [0.61–0.88] | 0.82 [0.61–1.11] |
| Richer | 0.97 [0.80–1.17] | 0.91 [0.70–1.17] |
| Richest | Ref | Ref |
| Level of education | ||
| No education | 0.64** [0.48–0.86] | 2.16** [1.29–3.48] |
| Primary | 0.59** [0.44–0.80] | 1.90** [1.17–3.09] |
| Secondary | 0.72* [0.54–0.95] | 1.80** [1.17–2.78] |
| Higher | Ref | Ref |
| Partner’s level of education | ||
| No education | 0.73** [0.60–0.90] | 0.80 [0.57–1.13] |
| Primary | 0.75* [0.59–0.96] | 0.93 [0.64–1.35] |
| Secondary | 0.61*** [0.51–0.74] | 0.77 [0.59–1.02] |
| Higher | Ref | Ref |
| Age | ||
| 15–19 | Ref | Ref |
| 20–24 | 0.66 [0.29–1.49] | 0.67 [0.30–1.53] |
| 25–29 | 0.38* [0.17–0.83] | 0.52 [0.23–1.16] |
| 30–34 | 0.13*** [0.06–0.29] | 0.30** [0.14–0.67] |
| 35–39 | 0.07*** [0.03–0.14] | 0.18*** [0.08–0.39] |
| 40–44 | 0.03*** [0.01–0.05] | 0.07*** [0.03–0.17] |
| 45–49 | 0.01*** [0.01–0.03] | 0.04*** [0.02–0.09] |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 0.93* [0.84–0.99] | 1.24* [1.01–1.53] |
| Occupation | ||
| Not working | 1.79*** [1.49–2.16] | 0.91 [0.70–1.17] |
| Managerial | 1.72*** [1.33–2.21] | 1.43 [0.98–2.10] |
| Clerical | 1.89 [0.93–3.82] | 1.38 [0.64–2.10] |
| Sales | Ref | Ref |
| Agricultural | 0.88 [0.77–1.01] | 0.97 [0.77–1.22] |
| Household | 1.24 [0.60–2.54] | 1.37 [0.65–1.26] |
| Manual | 1.20* [1.01–1.43] | 1.01 [0.81–1.26] |
| Region | ||
| Western | 0.89 [0.70–1.14] | 1.15 [0.82–1.60] |
| Central | 0.80 [0.63–1.01] | 1.10 [0.79–1.53] |
| Greater Accra | Ref | Ref |
| Volta | 0.65** [0.51–0.84] | 0.84 [0.58–1.22] |
| Eastern | 0.72** [0.56–0.91] | 1.03 [0.74–1.45] |
| Ashanti | 0.95 [0.74–1.20] | 1.57** [1.13–2.19] |
| Brong Ahafo | 1.10 [0.86–1.40] | 1.47* [1.04–2.08] |
| Northern | 2.74*** [2.14–3.52] | 4.03*** [2.69–6.04] |
| Upper East | 1.49** [1.17–1.91] | 1.63* [1.08–2.47] |
| Upper West | 1.45** [1.11–1.88] | 1.90** [1.24–2.92] |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Akan | Ref | Ref |
| Ga-Adangbe/Ewe | 0.86 [0.74–1.01] | 1.04 [0.81–1.33] |
| Mole-Dagbani | 1.97*** [1.71–2.28] | 1.45* [1.07–1.97] |
| Others | 2.25*** [1.92–2.64] | 1.78*** [1.35–2.35] |
| Parity | ||
| 0–3 births | 9.08*** [8.01–10.30] | 7.15*** [5.97–8.58] |
| Four or more births | Ref | Ref |
| Religion | ||
| Christianity | Ref | Ref |
| Islam | 2.17*** [1.87–2.52] | 1.87*** [1.49–2.34] |
| Traditionalist | 1.12 [0.82–1.53] | 1.40 [0.92–2.12] |
| No religion | 1.05 [0.78–1.41] | 1.55* [1.06–2.27] |
| Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | ||
| Not at all | 0.68** [0.53–0.89 | 0.91 [0.65–1.27] |
| Less than a week | 0.87 [0.62–1.23] | 0.93 [0.62–1.40] |
| At least once a week | Ref | Ref |
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||
| Not at all | 0.95 [0.81–1.01] | 0.95 [0.76–1.18] |
| Less than a week | 0.86* [0.76–0.97] | 0.91 [0.77–1.08] |
| At least once a week | Ref | Ref |
| Frequency of watching television | ||
| Not at all | 0.74*** [0.66–0.84] | 0.76* [0.61–0.95] |
| Less than once a week | 0.87 [0.75–1.00] | 1.14 [0.93–1.39] |
| At least once a week | Ref | Ref |
| N | 5389 | 5389 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.34 | |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001