Table 1.
Representative studies assessing the independent association of CVD with severe COVID-19
| First author | Country | CVD subtype | Severe COVID-19 definition | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cummings MJ | USA | Chronic cardiac disease (coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure) | In-hospital death | Among 257 critically ill patients, preexisting chronic cardiac disease was associated with a higher risk of mortality (HR 1.76 [95% CI, 1.08–2.86])* |
| Bhatla A | USA | Atrial fibrillation | Admission to the ICU | Among 700 hospitalized patients, incident atrial fibrillation was associated with admission to the ICU (OR 4.68 [1.66–13.18])† |
| Shi S | China | Cardiac injury (blood levels of cardiac troponin I above the 99th percentile upper reference limit) | In-hospital death | Among 416 hospitalized patients, cardiac injury was associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death from symptom onset (HR 4.26 [1.92–9.49])‡ |
| Song Y | China | Cardiac injury (an elevated cardiac troponin value above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit) | In-hospital death | Among 64 critically ill patients, myocardial injury was an independent risk factor for mortality (HR 2.06 [1.10–3.83]) § |
| Wang L | China | CVD | In-hospital death | Among 339 patients, CVD was associated with in-hospital death (HR 2.06 [1.10–3.83])¶ |
*Adjusted for age, sex, symptom duration before hospital presentation, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, interleukin-6, D-dimer
†Adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, heart failure, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and hydroxychloroquine treatment
‡Adjusted for age, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, creatinine (≥ 1.50 mg/d or not) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (≥ 900 pg/mL or not)
§Adjusted for age, smoking history and preexisting with CVD
¶Adjusted for age, CVD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease
CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, ICU intensive care unit, OR odds ratio