Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by depressive symptoms, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016 (N = 17,401)
| Without depressive symptoms | With depressive symptoms | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects (%)a | 15,856 (91.12) | 1,545 (8.88) | |
| Age (year) (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| 18–39 | 5,640 (35.57) | 495 (32.04) | |
| 40–59 | 5,019 (31.65) | 606 (39.22) | |
| 60–80* | 5,197 (32.78) | 444 (28.74) | |
| Gender (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| Male | 8,002 (50.47) | 553 (35.79) | |
| Female | 7,854 (49.53) | 992 (64.21) | |
| Ethnicity (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| Mexican American | 2,316 (14.61) | 232 (15.02) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1,571 (9.91) | 214 (13.85) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 6,781 (42.77) | 648 (41.94) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3,380 (21.32) | 333 (21.55) | |
| Other ethnicity | 1,808 (11.40) | 118 (7.64) | |
| Educational level (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| <High school | 3,363 (21.24) | 526 (34.07) | |
| High school | 3,662 (23.12) | 370 (23.96) | |
| >High school | 8,811 (55.64) | 648 (41.97) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| <25 kg/m2 | 4,656 (29.63) | 373 (24.48) | |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 5,201 (33.10) | 367 (24.08) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 5,856 (37.27) | 784 (51.44) | |
| Family income (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| Under $20,000 | 3,431 (22.59) | 656 (44.35) | |
| $20,000 and over | 11,758 (77.41) | 823 (55.65) | |
| Work activity (%)a | 0.025 | ||
| Vigorous | 2,980 (18.80) | 294 (19.05) | |
| Moderate | 3,411 (21.52) | 287 (18.60) | |
| Other | 9,459 (59.68) | 962 (62.35) | |
| Recreational activity (%)a | <0.01 | ||
| Vigorous | 3,850 (24.29) | 178 (11.52) | |
| Moderate | 4,349 (27.44) | 323 (20.91) | |
| Other | 7,653 (48.27) | 1,044 (67.57) | |
| Hypertension (%)a | 5,519 (38.84) | 731 (37.38) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes (%)a | 1,911 (12.06) | 316 (20.51) | <0.01 |
| Smoke at least 100 cigarettes in life (%)a | 6,467 (41.98) | 891 (58.73) | <0.01 |
| Had at least 12 alcohol drinks a year (%)a | 11,178 (71.53) | 1,116 (73.13) | 0.096 |
| Total energy (kcal/day)b | 1921.50 (983) | 1807.50 (1,018) | <0.01 |
| Alpha-carotene (mcg/day)b | 87.50 (444) | 48.5 (269) | <0.01 |
| Beta-carotene (mcg/day)b | 1112.50 (2323.50) | 669 (1530.50) | <0.01 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (mcg/day)b | 43 (87) | 30 (68.50) | <0.01 |
| Lycopene (mcg/day)b | 2,520 (5694.25) | 2116.50 (4827.75) | <0.01 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin (mcg/day)b | 843 (1,154) | 625 (772.25) | <0.01 |
| Total carotenoid (mcg/day)b | 6543.50 (9235.25) | 4,865 (7948.75) | <0.01 |
Data are number of subjects (percentage) or medians (interquartile ranges).
a
Chi-square test is used to compare the percentage between participants with and without depressive symptoms.
b
Mann–Whitney U test is used to compare the mean values between participants with and without depressive symptoms.
*
Individuals aged 80 and over are topcoded at 80 years of age.