Table 3.

Weighted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of depressive symptoms across quartiles of dietary total carotenoid intake, stratified by age and gender, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016 (N = 17,401)

Total carotenoid	Crudea	Model 1a	Model 2a
18–39 years old
<3,088	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
3,088 to <6,380	0.74 (0.50–1.10)	0.78 (0.53–1.15)	0.74 (0.49–1.13)
6,380 to <12,179	0.53 (0.38–0.73)**	0.54 (0.39–0.76)**	0.58 (0.41–0.82)**
≥12,179	0.51 (0.34–0.78)**	0.55 (0.36–0.84)**	0.67 (0.41–1.04)
40–59 years old
<3,088	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
3,088 to <6,380	0.62 (0.47–0.83)**	0.65 (0.49–0.87)**	0.80 (0.56–1.14)
6,380 to <12,179	0.61 (0.45–0.83)**	0.62 (0.46–0.85)**	0.87 (0.62–1.23)
≥12,179	0.39 (0.29–0.40)**	0.42 (0.31–0.58)**	0.65 (0.44–0.97)*
≥60 years old
<3,088	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
3,088 to <6,380	0.71 (0.46–1.12)	0.71 (0.46–1.11)	0.72 (0.43–1.22)
6,380 to <12,179	0.56 (0.30–1.02)	0.57 (0.31–1.05)	0.59 (0.32–1.09)
≥12,179	0.27 (0.18–0.41)**	0.28 (0.18–0.43)**	0.34 (0.22–0.54)**
Male
<3,088	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
3,088 to <6,380	0.86 (0.59–1.25)	0.85 (0.58–1.24)	0.99 (0.66–1.47)
6,380 to <12,179	0.59 (0.38–0.90)*	0.58 (0.38–0.89)*	0.72 (0.45–1.17)
≥12,179	0.41 (0.28–0.60)**	0.41 (0.28–0.59)**	0.56 (0.37–0.84)*
Female
<3,088	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
3,088 to <6,380	0.63 (0.48–0.82)**	0.63 (0.48–0.82)**	0.67 (0.51–0.87)**
6,380 to <12,179	0.60 (0.46–0.78)**	0.59 (0.45–0.88)**	0.70 (0.51–0.95)*
≥12,179	0.46 (0.34–0.61)**	0.46 (0.34–0.62)**	0.62 (0.44–0.88)**

^aCalculated using binary logistic regression. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 adjusted for age and gender, ethnicity, educational level, BMI, annual family income, work activity, recreational activity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, drinking status, and total energy intake.

^*P < 0.05;

^**P < 0.01.