Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies and results (n = 8)

Author, year, country	Study design/study duration	Characteristics of participants/ sample size N	Mode of delivery and setting	Intervention, duration, and frequency, intervention provider	Comparator	Outcome measures/ measurement	Main findings	Feasibility Retention, and adherence
Howell et al., 2018, USA	RCT; 6-month	Adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer with mixed types of cancer aged 11-15 years (mean age 12.7 years) N = 94 47 females; 47 males	eHealth; interactive and rewards-based Setting: home- and web-based	n = 63 Intervention: Educational materials, an activity monitor and access to an interactive website designed to motivate increased physical activity via rewards Intervention period: 6 months Duration: NR Frequency: NR Intervention provider: Self-administered Theory guided: NR	n = 31 Educational materials and activity monitor	- Physical activity (Accelerometer) - Fitness - Hand grip strength (Hand-held dynamometer) - Proximal muscle strength (Sit-ups and push-ups) - Neurocognitive function (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) - Health Related Quality of Life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory v4)	↑ Fitness (hand grip strength, number of sit-ups and push-ups) ↑Neurocognitive function ↑ Health Related Quality of Life	Retention: 80.4% Adherence: NR
Huang et al., 2014, USA	RCT; 4-month	Pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia aged 8-18 years (mean age 13 years) N = 38 23 females; 15 males	mHealth; web, phone and text message-based Setting: web-based, home	n = 19 Fit4Life intervention: A web-and text- and phone counselling-based tailored weight management intervention, in which participants received written materials about weight management topics and skills and lifestyle tips via an Internet program weekly. Tailored short message service messages were delivered twice per day to the participants. A Health Coach provided counselling calls weekly during the first month and biweekly in months 2-4. Parents received printed materials regarding the information on behavioral and parenting strategies to facilitate their child lose weight and become healthy together. Intervention period: 4 months Duration: at least 1 h/day (physical activity goal) Frequency: Weekly Intervention provider: Health Coach Theory guided: Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory	n = 19 General weight management intervention delivered via phone and mail. Survivors and parents received printed weight management materials on nutrition, physical activity and general tips on weight management. Survivors received a biweekly call from a Health Coach in month 1 and monthly in months 2-4 months to ensure they received the monthly material.	- Weight status (Calibrated digital scale) - Weight-related health behaviors - physical activity (Accelerometer) - dietary intake (Youth Adolescent Questionnaire) - Cardio-metabolic (Blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, lipids) - Psychological behaviors- depressive symptoms (Children’s Depression Inventory)	↑ Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity	Retention: 92.1% Average Adherence for experimental/ control group: 80%/50%
Li et al., 2013, Hong Kong	RCT; 9-month	Pediatric cancer survivors with mixed types of cancer aged 9-16 years (mean age 12.7 years) N = 71 34 females; 37 males	Face-to-face; adventure-based Setting: Community (an adventure camp)	n = 34 A 4-day integrated adventure-based training and health education program with adventure-based training activities and other activities, such as four educational talks (each around 40 min) and a workshop (90-min on day 4) to develop a feasible individual action plan for regular physical activity Intervention period: 6 months Duration: 1-day Frequency: 1-day camp/3 months Intervention provider: Two qualified adventure-based training instructors & healthcare professionals Theory guided: Kolb’s experiential learning theory	n = 37 Placebo control intervention 4 days of leisure activities (film shows, handicraft workshops, chess games, health talks on the prevention of influenza and healthy diet, organized by a community center and a day visit to a museum and theme park over a 6-month period	- Physical activity (The Chinese University of Hong Kong: Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth) - Physical activity Stages of change (Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire) - Physical activity self-efficacy (Physical Activity Self-Efficacy) - Quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory)	↑ Physical activity level ↑ Self-efficacy ↑ Physical activity Stages of change	Retention: 93.0% Adherence: 85.3% of participants in the experimental group attended all sessions; 78.4% of participants in the attention placebo control group attended all sessions
Li et al., 2018, Hong Kong	RCT; 12-month	Pediatric cancer survivors with mixed types of cancer aged 9-16 years (mean age 12.6 years) N = 222 104 females; 118 males	Face-to-face; adventure-based Setting: Community (at a campsite)	n = 117 A 4-day adventure-based training program, which comprised a 40-min briefing session covers brief health education components; and adventure activities with increasing levels of difficulty Intervention period: 6 months Duration: 1-day, around 7 h 45 min Frequency: 1-day camp/2 months Intervention provider: Two adventure-based trainers and a registered nurse Theory guided: Kolb’s experiential learning theory	n = 105 Placebo control intervention: 4 days of different leisure activities (cartoon film shows, chess games, handcraft workshops, health education talks) organized by a community center over a 6-month period	- Fatigue (Chinese version of the fatigue scale-children and adolescents) - Physical activity (The Chinese University of Hong Kong: Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth) - Physical activity self-efficacy (Physical Activity Self-Efficacy) - Quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory)	↓ Fatigue ↑ Physical activity level ↑ Self-efficacy ↑ Quality of life	Retention: 86.5% Adherence: 91.5% of participants in the experimental group attended all sessions; 89.5% of participants in the attention placebo control group attended all sessions
Mendoza et al., 2017, USA	RCT; 10-week	Pediatric cancer survivors with mixed types of cancer aged 14-18 years (mean age 16.6 years) N = 60 35 females; 24 males	mHealth; wearable technology with social media component Setting: home- and web-based	n = 29 Participants wore a physical activity tracking device sync with the Fitbit mHealth app, as well as joined a peer-based virtual support Facebook group. Contact via text message or telephone once per week from week 2 by research staff to help set a daily step goal. Intervention period: 10 weeks Duration: NR (achieve daily step goal at least 10,000–11,700 steps/day) Frequency: 7 days/week Intervention provider: Self-administered and research staff Theory guided: Self-determination theory	n = 30 Usual care	- Physical activity (ActiGraph GT3X+) - Quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core and Cancer Module Scales) - Psychological needs (Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale)	No major training effects	Retention: 90% Adherence: - An average of 71.5% of intervention participants wore Fitbit Flex - 100% of participants at Time 1 and 90% of participants at Time 2 completed the online questionnaires - 89.7% intervention participants joined the intervention’s private Facebook group
Sabel et al., 2016, Sweden	RCT; 10-12 weeks	Pediatric brain tumor survivors aged 7-17 years (mean age of 12.5 years) N = 13 7 females; 6 males	eHealth; active video gaming Setting: home- based;	n = 7 Each participant received an off-the-shelf motion-controlled video console, Nintendo Wii and instructed to perform at least 30-min active video gaming per day Intervention period: 10–12 weeks Duration: NR Frequency: at least 5 days/week (target active video gaming frequency) Intervention provider: Self-administered and weekly coaching sessions provided by a research nurse via video conferencing Theory guided: NR	n = 6 Wait-list control	- Physical activity (<ultisensory activity monitor SenseWear Pro 2 Armband and SenseWear Professional Software) - Physical functioning (Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Performance, Second Edition)	↑ Body Coordination score by 15%	Retention: 100% Adherence: AVG sessions (mean duration 47 min) were performed on 72% of all days
Stern et al., 2018, USA	RCT; 4 months	Pediatric cancer survivors/caregivers dyads with mixed types of cancer aged 5–13 years (mean age 9.9 years) N = 53 Survivors: 28 females; 25 males	mHealth; caregiver-based; psycho-educational Setting: Face-to-face (first and last sessions), Web- and phone-based (4 sessions)	n = 27 NOURISH-T intervention: A parent-focused 6 manualized phone psycho-educational sessions with each about topics on changing eating and physical activity behaviors. The families also received relevant print and web-based resources throughout the program. Caregivers received a booster phone call 2 months post-intervention and additional educational mailings regarding nutrition and physical activity Intervention period: 6 weeks Duration: less than 1 h/session Frequency: 1 session/week Intervention provider: Group leaders supervised by licensed psychologists Theory guided: Social Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Theories	n = 26 Enhanced usual care: One-hour wellness session addressing the role of diet and physical activity in pediatric overweight using material from the publicly available We Can! Manual. Participants also received nationally available web-based information on wellness issues at two additional times 6-weeks study period via mail.	For both survivors and caregivers: - Anthropometric Measures (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences) - Dietary Recall (Automated Self-administered 24-h Dietary Recall-2011) - Step Counts (Pedometer) For caregivers only: - Approaches to and attitudes about feeding their children (Child Feeding Questionnaire) - Family’s eating, exercise, and weight-related habits (Family Eating and Exercise Behaviors) - Satisfaction/Exit Surveys For survivors: - Child Sugar Sweet Beverage and Fast Food Intake - Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children - Rating of Medical Late Effects	Caregivers outcomes: ↓ Average BMI ↓ Daily caloric intake ↓ Pressuring of their child to eat ↓ Restriction of eating over time Survivors outcomes: ↓ BMI percentile ↑ Daily steps ↓ Sugared beverage consumption	Retention: 69.8% Adherence: NR
Wu et al., 2019, Taiwan	RCT; 4 months	Pediatric cancer survivors with mixed types of cancer aged 8–20 years (mean age: 11.89 years) N = 69 27 females; 37 males	Face-to-face; Educational-based Setting: Pediatric hematology/oncology wards or clinics	n = 34 Participants received (a) Six individual education sessions (each 40-60 mins) within 1 week (b) A handbook provided guidance and educational information regarding self-management, delayed effects and complications of cancer treatments, individual exposure-related risks and long-term follow-up (c) Follow-up telephone counselling to each participant at 1- and 4-month post-intervention Duration: 4 months Frequency: 6 sessions (each 45-60 min) within 1 week Intervention provider: A research assistant under the supervision of the first author Theory guided: self-efficacy theory	n = 35 Educational intervention upon completing the 4-month post-intervention follow-up.	- Health behavior self-efficacy (healthy diet, exercise, well-being and health accountability) - Health promotion lifestyle (nutrition, exercise behaviors, stress adaption, interpersonal support, self-achievement and healthy behaviors)	↑ Health self-efficacy (healthy diet, well-being and healthy accountability with the exception in exercise)	Retention: 92.8% Adherence: NR

NR not reported