Table 2.

An evidenced based association of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 with systemic organs

S. no	Author	Country	Sample size	Disease and symptoms	Study outcomes	References
1	Zhu 2019	China		Patients with pneumonia	Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, because they appear to be a valuable research tool for analysis of human respiratory pathogens. Study showed that initial propagation of human respiratory secretions onto human airway epithelial cell cultures, followed by transmission electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing of culture supernatant, was successfully used for visualization and detection of new human coronavirus	[57]
2	Guan 2019	China		Common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2%	Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings	[25]
3	Huang 2019	Wuhan, China	41	Common symptoms fever (40 of 41 patients), cough (31), and myalgia or fatigue (18); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 of 39), headache (three of 38), haemoptysis (two of 39), and diarrhoea (one of 38)	Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα	[7]
4	Chen 2020	China	99	Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient)	Characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia.74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure	[56]
5	Dawei Wang 2020	Wuhan, China	138	Common symptoms included fever (136 [98.6%]), fatigue (96 [69.6%]), and dry cough (82 [59.4%]). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, 0.8 × 109/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.6–1.1]) occurred in 97 patients (70.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (13.0 s [IQR, 12.3–13.7]) in 80 patients (58%), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (261 U/L [IQR, 182–403]) in 55 patients (39.9%).bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients	Most patients received antiviral therapy (oseltamivir,124 [89.9%]), and many received antibacterial therapy (moxifloxacin,89 [64.4%]; ceftriaxone, 34 [24.6%]; azithromycin, 25 [18.1%]) and glucocorticoid therapy (62 [44.9%]). In 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%	[48]
6	Xi Jin 2020	China	651 analysd 74 confirmed COVID-19 cases with GI symptoms	74 (11.4%) presented with at least one GI symptom (nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea). COVID-19 with GI symptoms, 29 (39.19%), 23 (31.08%), 8 (10.81%) and 16 (21.62%) had significantly higher rates of fever > 38.5 °C, fatigue, shortness of breath and headache, respectively	Sputum production and increased lactate dehydrogenase/glucose levels were risk factors for severe/critical type. Bioinformatics showed sequence mutation of SARS-CoV-2 with m6A methylation and changed binding capacity with ACE2	[57]
7	Lin L 2020	China	95	58 cases exhibited GI symptoms of which 11 (11.6%) occurred on admission and 47 (49.5%) developed during hospitalisation. Diarrhoea (24.2%), anorexia (17.9%) and nausea (17.9%) were the main symptoms with five (5.3%), five (5.3%) and three (3.2%) cases occurred on the illness onset, respectively	Patients with GI symptoms were subjected to endoscopy, revealing oesophageal bleeding with erosions and ulcers in one severe patient. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and rectum specimens for both two severe patients. In contrast, only duodenum was positive in one of the four non-severe patients. GI tract may be a potential transmission route and target organ of SARS-CoV-2	[58]
8	Zhenyu Fan 2020	Shanghai, China	148	Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (70.1%), cough (45.3%), expectoration (26.7%) at admission. 75 patients (50.7%) showed abnormal liver functions at admission. Numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were significantly lower, and utilization rate of lopinavir/ritonavir significantly higher in abnormal liver function group than those in normal liver function group	SARS-CoV-2 may cause the liver function damage and the Lopinavir/ritonavir should be applied carefully for the treatment of COVID-19	[59]