Table 4.

Genome editing approaches applied to ornamental crops

Species	Target genes	Traits	Genome editing system	Transformation technology	Plant regeneration	References
Chrysanthemum morifolium	CpYGFP	GFP fluorescence	CRISPR/Cas9	Agrobacterium tumefaciens	Young leaf	Kishi-Kaboshi et al. 2017
Dendrobium officinale	C3H, C4H, 4CL, CCR, IRX	Reduced ligno cellulose biosynthesis	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Protocorms	Kui et al. 2017
Ipomoea nil	InDFR-B	Flower colour changes	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Immature embryo-derived secondary embryo	Watanabe et al. 2017
I. nil ‘AK77’	InCCD4	Flower colour changes	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Immature embryo-derived secondary embryo	Watanabe et al. 2018
I. nil ‘AK77’	EPH1	Flower senescence	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Immature embryo-derived secondary embryo	Shibuya et al. 2018
Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch	LpPDS	Albino, pale yellow and albino–green chimeric mutants	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Embryogenic calli	Yan et al. 2019
L. longiflorum ‘White Heaven’	LlPDS	Albino, pale yellow and albino–green chimeric mutants	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Tissue culture seedling scales	Yan et al. 2019
Petunia hybrida ‘Madness’	PhN	Site-directed mutagenesis in NR genes	CRISPR/Cas9	PEG‐mediated transfection of RNP	Leaf protoplasts	Subburaj et al. 2016
P. hybrida inbred line Mitchell Diploid	PhPDS	Albino and mosaic shoots	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Young leaf	Zhang et al. 2016a, b, c
Petunia ‘Mirage Rose’	PhACO1	Reduced ethylene production and enhanced flower longevity	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Leaf explants	Xu et al. 2020
P. inflata	PiSSK1	RNase-based self-incompatibility	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Leaf disks	Sun and Kao 2018
Phalaenopsis equestris	MADS44, MADS36, MADS8	MADS-null mutants	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	One-month-old protocorms	Tong et al. 2020
Torenia fournieri ‘Crown Violet’	F3H	Flower colour changes	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Leaf sections	Nishihara et al. 2018
T. fournieri	TfRAD1	Flowers with abnormal shape and pigmentation	CRISPR/Cas9	A. tumefaciens	Leaf sections	Su et al. 2017