Table 2.

Anti-cancer activity and biotherapeutics effects of different yeast probiotics on CRC

Yeast probiotic/components	Model of study	Anti-cancer effects	Ref
Heat-killed S. cerevisiae	Breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) and non-metastatic breast cancer cells (HCC70)	Induction of apoptosis Mitochondrial membrane Disruption Activation of caspases (8, 9 and 3)	[70]
	Squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue (SCC-4 and SCC-9) and adenocarcinomas of the colon (Caco-2 and DLD-1)	Induction of apoptosis	[71]
	SW480	Lower the of expression of p-Akt1, Rel A, Bcl-XL, pro-caspase 3, and pro-9, and could rise the BAX, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 expression	[72]
	HeLa	Induction of apoptosis: cell enlargement, membrane bleb, and chromatin condensation	[73]
	Mice model of Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma tumor (SEC)	Cause tumor degeneration, apoptosis, and ischemic (coagulative) and liquefactive necrosis Recruitment the leukocytes, macrophages into the tumors Higher the TNF-α and IFN-gamma plasma and lowered the IL-10 levels	[74]
	Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cells	Cells phagocytized yeast and underwent apoptosis due to elevation of intracellular Ca2+, decreasedBcl-2 expression and increase in Bax expression	[75]
Supernatant of S. cerevisiae	HT-29 colon cancer cell line	Higher the PTEN and Caspas3 expression Lower the Bclxl and RelA genes expression Induce apoptosis and reduce the metastasis	[76]
Ergosterol	MCF-7 cells	Produce the oxidation form of ergosterol and inhibit the cancer cells growing	[77]
β-glucan of S. cerevisiae	CHO-k1 and CHO-xrs5 cell lines	Prevent DNA damage	[78]
	Patients with advanced breast cancer	Induced the proliferation and activation of peripheral blood monocytes	[79]
	Lung metastasis of colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma or B16-BL6 melanoma cells	Macrophages were induced by IS-2 and produced cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-12).	[80]
	Mice feeding with the insoluble β-glucan (1 week), murine hepatoma MH-22a cells	Increase the count of neutrophil blood and reduce the lymphocyte count	[81]
	S180 tumor-bearing mice	Decrease the weight and tumor volume Decrease the CD4–CD8 ratio Increase the IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels Up-regulate the Bax expression Down-regulate the Bcl-2 expression	[82]
Saccharomyces boulardii	ApcMin mice orally received the yeast	Inhibits EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinase signaling	[83]
Carboxymethyl-glucan: soluble derivative of β-glucan	Advanced prostate cancer patients	Higher the total leukocyte count, red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelet counts. Could be an adjuvant to cancer treatment	[84]
Cytoplasmic extract and cell wall of S. cerevisiae and S. boulardi	Cell line K562	Cell apoptosis and necrosis	[85]
Selenium-enriched S. cerevisiae	Rats model of CRC	Reduce CRC progression by decrease the number / size of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and alteration the function of P53, BCL2, and CD31	[86]
	Mucositis mice induced by 5FU	Selenium-enriched yeast reduced eosinophil peroxidase activity	[87]
S. boulardii: Insoluble glucan, cell wall polysaccharides	Male F344 rat CRC model	↓ACF: prevention biomarkers Reduction of quinone reductase activity	[60]
	HT-29 cell lines	antiradical and anti-proliferative effect	[60]
Herbal medicine and S. cerevisiae	Hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells HepG2 cells- bearing nude mice model	Anti-proliferation effect Inhibit tumor growth	[88]
Paclitaxel in the presence or absence of S. cerevisiae	Metastatic murine 4 T1 line Murine Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) line Human breast cancer MCF-7 line	Decreased 4 T1 cell viability, triggered DNA damage, induced the apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation Chemosensitizing effect of yeast along with paclitaxel increased Be as novel adjuvant for chemotherapy treatment	[89]