Table 1.

Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Comparison of PK parameters for morphine reported in a representative study of codeine application (16) (see https://pk-db.com/data/PKDB00111). PK parameters were calculated from mean concentration-time profiles (see Figure 3). Only data for the groups, no individual data was reported in the study

Parameter	Genotype	Reported	PK-DB	Difference (%)
(unit)
AUCend	*1/*1	6.63 ± 2.07	6.24	5.88
(ng/ml · h)	*1/*10	3.77 ± 1.93	3.80	−0.80
	*10/*10	2.65 ± 1.95	2.59	2.26
AUC∞	*1/*1	8.52 ± 4.10	6.40	24.88
(ng/ml · h)	*1/*10	5.05 ± 3.30	3.97	21.39
	*10/*10	3.26 ± 2.43	2.68	17.79
Cmax	*1/*1	2.06 ± 0.89	1.64	20.39
(ng/ml)	*1/*10	0.96 ± 0.42	0.73	23.96
	*10/*10	0.68 ± 0.50	0.59	13.24
t half	*1/*1	9.40 ± 11.70	4.15	55.85
(h)	*1/*10	11.50 ± 11.10	4.76	58.61
	*10/*10	6.84 ± 5.46	4.66	31.87
t max	*1/*1	0.64 ± 0.28	0.50	21.88
(h)	*1/*10	0.86 ± 0.52	0.50	41.86
	*10/*10	0.86 ± 0.52	1.00	−16.28
k el	*1/*1	–	0.17	–
(1/h)	*1/*10	–	0.15	–
	*10/*10	–	0.15	–

Reported PK parameters are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD)

Unreported values displayed as (–)

AUC – area under the curve; C_max – maximum concentration; t_half – half-life; t_max – time of maximum concentration; k_el – elimination rate.