Table 1. Sample Characteristics by In-Hospital Mortality Status for Patients Admitted With COVID-19 (n=403).
aThe comparisons between those with versus without in-hospital mortality. bSix patients with in-hospital mortality had missing BMI values. cIncluding those with poor appetite or PO intake. dIncluding ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, viral hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatitis.
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; AMS, altered mental status; PPI, proton-pump inhibitors; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers, CCB, calcium channel blockers; MI, myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GI, gastrointestinal; ICU, intensive care unit
| Characteristic | In-Hospital Mortality | p-Valuea | |
| No (n=313) | Yes (n=90) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) [range] | 58.8 (18.3) [45.0-73.0] | 73.4 (15.0) [64.0-85.0] | <0.0001 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 176 (56.2) | 56 (62.2) | 0.3107 |
| Female | 137 (43.8) | 34 (37.8) | |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White, non-Hispanics | 90 (28.8) | 42 (46.7) | 0.0003 |
| Black, non-Hispanics | 37 (11.8) | 7 (7.8) | |
| Hispanics | 120 (38.3) | 14 (15.6) | |
| Asian | 39 (12.5) | 15 (16.7) | |
| Other | 27 (8.6) | 12 (13.3) | |
| BMIb (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.78 (6.5) | 28.94 (9.3) | 0.8788 |
| Presenting symptoms, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 227 (72.5) | 64 (71.1) | 0.7920 |
| Cough | 197 (62.9) | 50 (55.6) | 0.2050 |
| Dyspnea | 223 (71.3) | 59 (65.6) | 0.2993 |
| Anosmia | 7 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0.6902 |
| Diarrhea | 71 (22.6) | 9 (10.0) | 0.0078 |
| Nausea | 60 (19.2) | 7 (7.8) | 0.0105 |
| Emesis | 43 (13.7) | 8 (8.9) | 0.2811 |
| Anorexiac | 59 (18.9) | 12 (13.3) | 0.2260 |
| Malaise | 77 (24.6) | 15 (16.7) | 0.1140 |
| AMS | 37 (11.8) | 31 (34.4) | <0.0001 |
| Prior medication use, n (%) | |||
| PPI | 57 (18.2) | 24 (26.7) | 0.0777 |
| NSAIDS | 12 (3.8) | 9 (10.0) | 0.0204 |
| ACE/ARB inhibitor | 86 (27.5) | 29 (32.2) | 0.3796 |
| Insulin or oral hypoglycemic | 100 (31.9) | 33 (36.7) | 0.4016 |
| Oral steroid | 16 (5.1) | 5 (5.6) | 0.7931 |
| CCB | 64 (20.5) | 24 (26.7) | 0.2082 |
| Statins | 95 (30.4) | 38 (42.2) | 0.0348 |
| Beta-blocker | 76 (24.3) | 24 (26.7) | 0.6443 |
| No. of comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 210 (67.1) | 79 (87.8) | 0.0001 |
| Malignancy | 21 (6.7) | 15 (16.7) | 0.0035 |
| Hypertension | 174 (55.6) | 63 (70.0) | 0.0144 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 99 (31.4) | 35 (38.9) | 0.1976 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 116 (37.1) | 38 (42.2) | 0.3745 |
| Congestive heart failure | 18 (5.8) | 11 (12.2) | 0.0363 |
| MI/CAD | 41 (13.1) | 22 (24.4) | 0.0090 |
| Dementia | 22 (7.0) | 18 (20.0) | 0.0003 |
| Peptic ulcer | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.3972 |
| Mild liver disease | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 0.5325 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 12 (3.8) | 4 (4.4) | 0.7938 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 18 (5.6) | 19 (21.1) | <0.0001 |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 3 (1.0) | 3 (3.3) | 0.1280 |
| Asthma | 21 (6.7) | 4 (4.4) | 0.6202 |
| HIV/AIDS | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.5792 |
| Hypothyroid disease | 24 (7.7) | 6 (6.7) | 0.7498 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 8 (2.6) | 2 (2.2) | 1.0000 |
| Depression | 14 (4.5) | 8 (8.9) | 0.1160 |
| Seizures | 4 (1.3) | 5 (5.6) | 0.0295 |
| COPD | 17 (5.4) | 11 (12.2) | 0.0256 |
| GI-specific comorbidities,d n (%) | 44 (14.1) | 15 (16.7) | 0.5372 |
| Co-infections, n (%) | 24 (7.7) | 13 (14.4) | 0.0497 |
| Readmission within past 30 days, n (%) | 69 (22.0) | 13 (14.4) | 0.1145 |
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD) [range] | 5.70 (4.0) [3.0-7.0] | 7.2 (4.7) [4.0-9.0] | 0.0086 |
| Admission to ICU, n (%) | 35 (11.2) | 53 (58.9) | <0.0001 |
| Length of ICU stay, mean (SD) [range] | 5.26 (4.0) [3.0-7.0] | 6.26 (4.7) [3.0-9.0] | 0.2969 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 23 (7.4) | 49 (54.4) | <0.0001 |
| Abnormal computed tomography or chest X-ray, n (%) | 274 (87.5) | 83 (92.2) | 0.2183 |