TABLE 3.

Cognitive function (global z score) by plasma vitamin B-12 deficiency (yes/no) among 1408 Boston Puerto Rican Health Study participants at baseline¹

Vitamin B-12	β (95% CI)	P-trend
Model 1	−0.135 (−0.224, −0.047)	0.003
Model 2	−0.128 (−0.217, −0.038)	0.005
Model 3	−0.119 (−0.208, −0.029)	0.009

¹Vitamin B-12 deficiency was defined as <148 pmol/L or MMA > 271 nmol/L. Model 1: adjusted for age (y), sex (premenopausal or postmenopausal female with estrogen use, female postmenopausal with no estrogen use, or male), BMI (in kg/m²), physical activity score, diabetes (yes/no), education level (≤8^th grade, 9^th–12^th grade, or college), smoking (past, current, or none), alcohol use (heavy, none, or moderate), and apoE ε4 carrier (yes/no). Model 2: Model 1 + plasma vitamin B-6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate; nmol/L). Model 3: Model 2 + plasma folate (nmol/L).