TABLE 3.
HRs of PAD hospitalizations by quintiles of flavonoid compound intakes1
| Flavonoid intake quintiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 11,130) | Q2 (n = 11,129) | Q3 (n = 11,130) | Q4 (n = 11,129) | Q5 (n = 11,129) | |
| Flavonols | |||||
| Kaempferol | |||||
| Events, n | 674 | 451 | 388 | 335 | 283 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 1 [0–1] | 2 [1–3] | 4 [3–8] | 18 [8–20] | 33 [20–68] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) | 0.57 (0.51, 0.65) | 0.50 (0.44, 0.56) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.54) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.82) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.80) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) |
| Quercetin | |||||
| Events, n | 689 | 446 | 404 | 312 | 280 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 12 [0–16] | 20 [16–24] | 29 [24–37] | 46 [37–58] | 78 [58–168] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.70 (0.66, 0.76) | 0.55 (0.50, 0.60) | 0.47 (0.42, 0.53) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.51) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) | 0.70 (0.64, 0.77) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.80) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.82) |
| Flavanol monomers | |||||
| Epicatechin | |||||
| Events, n | 666 | 480 | 396 | 308 | 281 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 6 [0–9] | 12 [9–15] | 19 [15–25] | 31 [25–39] | 53 [39–155] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.69 (0.64, 0.75) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.60) | 0.47 (0.42, 0.52) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.51) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.79) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) |
| Flavanol oligo + polymers | |||||
| Procyanidin dimers | |||||
| Events, n | 674 | 447 | 389 | 324 | 297 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 25 [0–37] | 49 [38–62] | 78 [62–94] | 113 [94–138] | 177 [138–510] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.68 (0.63, 0.73) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.59) | 0.50 (0.45, 0.56) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.53) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.81 (0.75, 0.88) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.79) | 0.69 (0.62, 0.78) | 0.66 (0.58, 0.75) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.83) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.82) |
| Procyanidin trimers | |||||
| Events, n | 656 | 458 | 355 | 371 | 291 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 10 [0–14] | 17 [14–20] | 23 [20–29] | 35 [29–42] | 54 [42–320] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.68 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.55 (0.50, 0.60) | 0.50 (0.45, 0.56) | 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.72 (0.66, 0.79) | 0.65 (0.58, 0.73) | 0.61 (0.54, 0.69) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.82) | 0.68 (0.61, 0.77) | 0.65 (0.57, 0.75) |
| Flavanones | |||||
| Hesperidin | |||||
| Events, n | 512 | 432 | 388 | 360 | 439 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 2 [0–4] | 6 [4–9] | 12 [9–18] | 24 [18–38] | 54 [38–449] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 0.71 (0.64, 0.80) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.87) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.02) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) |
| Flavones | |||||
| Apigenin | |||||
| Events, n | 545 | 443 | 405 | 336 | 402 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 2 [0–2] | 3 [2–4] | 5 [4–5] | 6 [5–8] | 10 [8–46] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | 0.68 (0.62, 0.75) | 0.62 (0.56, 0.69) | 0.67 (0.60, 0.75) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.94) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) |
| Anthocyanins | |||||
| Cyanidin | |||||
| Events, n | 552 | 396 | 364 | 384 | 435 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 1 [0–1] | 1 [1–1] | 2 [1–3] | 4 [3–8] | 17 [8–203] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.71 (0.67, 0.76) | 0.58 (0.52, 0.65) | 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.84) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) |
| Delphinidin | |||||
| Events, n | 561 | 354 | 424 | 350 | 442 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 0 [0–1] | 1 [1–1] | 2 [1–4] | 5 [4–8] | 18 [8–188] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.72 (0.66, 0.78) | 0.60 (0.54, 0.68) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.88) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.87) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.05) |
| Malvidin | |||||
| Events, n | 661 | 567 | 234 | 330 | 339 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 0 [0–1] | 2 [1–6] | 6 [6–6] | 11 [6–14] | 36 [14–114] |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.77 (0.73, 0.82) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.61) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.61) | 0.56 (0.48, 0.64) |
| Model 1b | Ref. | 0.86 (0.80, 0.91) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.77) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.76) | 0.61 (0.51, 0.72) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | 0.62 (0.52, 0.74) |
1
HRs (95% CIs) for PAD hospitalizations during 23 y of follow-up, obtained from restricted cubic splines based on Cox proportional hazards models. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex; Model 1b adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, and socioeconomic status (income); Model 2 adjusted for all covariates in Model 1b plus energy intake and intakes of fish, red meat, processed food, PUFAs, MUFAs, and SFAs. PAD, peripheral artery disease.
2
Values are median [range].