Fig. 4.

Modeling methods of vascular scaffolds: A Algorithms-based parametric modeling: Ai Modeling by a TPMS algorithm to build models with different volume fractions. Reproduced with permission [65]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier. Aii Modeling by an AI-based evolutionary algorithm to design reconfigurable structures. Reproduced with permission [66]. Copyright 2020, National Academy of Sciences. B Reverse engineering-based modeling to create models of blood vessels: Bi 3D reconstruction by micro-CT scanning. Reproduced with permission [67]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. Bii 3D reconstruction by MRI scanning. Reproduced with permission [47]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons. Biii Modeling by CT scanning and parametric modeling to build complex microstructures. Reproduced with permission [64]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature