Fig. 9.

Preparation processes of vascular scaffolds by the integrated technology of casting and 3D printing: A Preparation of vascular scaffolds by the integrated technology of casting and extrusion-based 3D printing. Reproduced with permission [48]. Copyright 2019, IOP Publishing. B Preparation of vascular scaffolds by the integrated technology of casting and EHD 3D printing and FDM 3D printing. Reproduced with permission [136]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. C Preparation of cardiac tissues by the integrated technology of UV-assisted 3D printing to prepare a cardiac mold, casting to fill with matrix, and embedded 3D printing to fabricate vascular networks. Reproduced with permission [137]. Copyright 2019, Skylar-Scott et al. D Preparation of vascular scaffolds by corrosion casting with solution perfused into blood vessels. Reproduced with permission [138]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier