Table 1.
Recent studies of the preparation of vascular scaffolds utilizing 3D printing (extrusion-based, inkjet, and UV-assisted 3D printing) technologies for formation of new blood vessel tissues
| 3D printing methods | Biomaterial inks or bioinks excluding cells | Component concentration | Physical or chemical crosslinking | Cells | Classification of print materials | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extrusion | Bioinks excluding cells (porcine brain dECM) | 1% w/v porcine brain dECM | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells + glioblastoma cells | dECM | [108] |
| Extrusion | Biomaterial inks (sodium alginate) | 2% w/v sodium alginate | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | N/A | Natural material | [109] |
| Extrusion | Bioinks excluding cells (gelatin + GelMA) | 5% w/v gelatin + 5% w/v GelMA | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking (gelatin, GelMA)) and chemical crosslinking (UV) | Human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells | Compositive material | [110] |
| Extrusion | Bioinks excluding cells (sodium alginate) | 5% w/v sodium alginate | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | Mouse fibroblasts | Natural material | [111] |
| Extrusion | Biomaterial inks (low-acyl gellan gum + high-acyl gellan gum) | 3.4% w/v low-acyl gellan gum + 0.6% w/v high-acyl gellan gum | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | N/A | Compositive material | [112] |
| Extrusion | Biomaterial inks (alginate + carboxymethyl cellulose + cellulose nanofibers) | 3% wt. alginate + 3% wt. carboxymethyl cellulose + 1.5% wt. cellulose nanofibers | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | N/A | Compositive material | [113] |
| Extrusion | Biomaterial inks (nanoclay + GelMA + N-acryloyl glycinamide) | 10% w/v nanoclay + 1%/9% (w/v) GelMA/N-acryloyl glycinamide | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Compositive material | [114] |
| Extrusion | Bioinks excluding cells (semi-crosslinked alginate/CaCl2 + platelet-rich plasma) | 1%/0.025% (w/v) semi-crosslinked alginate/CaCl2 + 50 U mL−1 platelet-rich plasma | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | dECM-based compositive material | [115] |
| Inkjet | Bioinks excluding cells (sodium alginate) | 1% w/v sodium alginate | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts | Natural material | [116, 117] |
| Inkjet | Biomaterial inks (sodium alginate) | 0.8% w/v sodium alginate | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | N/A | Natural material | [118–120] |
| Inkjet | Biomaterial inks (bacterial cellulose + polycaprolactone) | bacterial cellulose blended with 10 wt.% polycaprolactone at 5:95 ratio | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | N/A | Compositive material | [121] |
| Inkjet | Bioinks excluding cells (thrombin + CaCl2) | 50 unit/ml thrombin + 80 mM CaCl2 | Physical crosslinking (ionic (CaCl2)) | Human microvascular endothelial cells | Compositive material | [122] |
| Inkjet | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone + poly (acrylic acid)) | 70% w/v polycaprolactone + 2.5, 5 and 7.5% w/v poly (acrylic acid) | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | N/A | Compositive material | [123] |
| Inkjet | Biomaterial inks (poly (e-caprolactone)) | 26 wt.% poly (e-caprolactone) | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | N/A | Synthetic material | [124] |
| Inkjet-based 3D printing | Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone) | Polycaprolactone particle with the molecular weight of 130,000 g/mol | Physical crosslinking (thermal crosslinking) | N/A | Synthetic material | [70] |
| Stereolithography (SLA) | Bioinks excluding cells (GelMA) | 5% w/v GelMA | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts | Synthetic material | [125] |
| Stereolithography (SLA) | Bioinks excluding cells (GelMA) | 15, 20% w/v GelMA | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells | Synthetic material | [107] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Biomaterial inks (poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) | 20% w/v poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Synthetic material | [126–128] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Biomaterial inks (amino resin + dopamine + ammonium persulfate) | 50% w/v amino resin + 0.01–0.3% w/v dopamine + 0.12% w/v ammonium persulfate | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Compositive material | [129] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Bioinks excluding cells (dECM + GelMA) | 5% w/v dECM + 5% w/v GelMA | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | dECM-based compositive material | [130] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Biomaterial inks (poly(ethylene glycol)-tetraacrylate + silk fibroin + melanin) | 4 wt.% poly(ethylene glycol)-tetraacrylate + 1 wt.% silk fibroin + 0.2 wt.% melanin | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Compositive material | [131] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Bioinks excluding cells (glycidal methacrylate-hyaluronic acid + GelMA) | 1% w/v glycidal methacrylate-hyaluronic acid + 2.5, 5% w/v GelMA | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells + C3H/10T1/2 cells | Compositive material | [132] |
| Stereolithography (DLP) | Biomaterial inks (methacrylated poly(1,12 dodecamethylene citrate)) | 50–70% wt./wt. methacrylated poly(1,12 dodecamethylene citrate) | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Synthetic material | [133] |
| Volumetric (SLA-based) | Biomaterial inks (GelMA) | 10% w/v GelMA | Chemical crosslinking (UV) | N/A | Synthetic material | [134] |