Table 2.

Recent studies of the preparation of vascular scaffolds utilizing commonly used integrated technologies (integrated technology of casting and 3D printing, integrated technology of electrospinning and 3D printing, integrated technology of Lego-like construction and 3D printing) for formation of new blood vessel tissues

Integrated technologies	Print materials		Classification of print materials	Materials involved in processes excluding 3D printing		References
	Biomaterial inks or bioinks excluding cells	Component concentration		Materials	Component concentration
Casting and extrusion	Biomaterial inks (carbopol gel)	0.7% w/v carbopol	Synthetic material	Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	PDMS mixed with its curing agent at a 10:1 ratio	[48]
Casting and inkjet and FDM	Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone particle)	Polycaprolactone particle with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol	Synthetic material	GelMA + gelatin	10% w/v GelMA + gelatin of a certain concentration	[136]
Casting and inkjet	Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone)	Polycaprolactone with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol	Synthetic material	GelMA	10% w/v GelMA	[99]
Casting and extrusion and stereolithography (SLA)	Biomaterial inks (gelatin for extrusion + E-Shell 300 clear resin for SLA)	15% w/w gelatin + E-Shell 300 clear resin with a certain concentration	Natural material (gelatin); synthetic material (E-Shell 300 clear resin)	Extracellular matrix	Extracellular matrix with a certain composition and concentration	[137]
Electrospinning and extrusion	Biomaterial inks (Polylactic acid) and bioinks excluding cells (alginate + gelatin)	Polylactic acid with the diameter of 1.75 mm; 2% w/v alginate (w/v) + 6% w/v gelatin	Synthetic material (Polylactic acid); compositive material (alginate + gelatin)	Polycaprolactone	Polycaprolactone with the molecular weight of 80,000 g/mol	[49]
Electrospinning and extrusion	Biomaterial inks (polyvinyl alcohol + collagen)	20% wt. polyvinyl alcohol + 4% wt. collagen	Compositive material	Alginate + polyethylene oxide	2% wt. alginate and 3% wt. polyethylene oxide	[142]
Electrospinning and inkjet	Biomaterial inks (hydroxyapatite)	6% wt. hydroxyapatite	Synthetic material	Polycaprolactone	17% w/v polycaprolactone	[144]
Electrospinning and inkjet	Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone)	6% w/v polycaprolactone	Synthetic material	Polycaprolactone + polyethylene glycol	6% w/v polycaprolactone + 10% w/v polyethylene glycol	[143]
Electrospinning and inkjet	Biomaterial inks (polycaprolactone)	15% wt. polycaprolactone	Synthetic material	Polycaprolactone	25% wt. polycaprolactone	[62]
Electrospinning and stereolithography (SLA)	Biomaterial inks (polyethylene glycol + polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate)	40% wt. polyethylene glycol + 60% wt. polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate	Synthetic material	Polycaprolactone + gelatin	15% w/v polycaprolactone + 20% w/v gelatin	[145]
Lego-like construction and extrusion and FDM and casting	Bioinks excluding cells (alginate hydrogel for extrusion); biomaterial inks (maltitol for FDM)	3% w/v sodium alginate; fused maltitol	Natural material (sodium alginate); synthetic material (maltitol)	PDMS	PDMS prepared by mixing the base and curing agents at 10:1 (w/w) ratio	[151]
Lego-like construction and stereolithography (DLP)	Biomaterial inks (GelMA + ceramic)	7-9% w/v GelMA + ceramic with high density (97%)	Compositive material	N/A	N/A	[149]
Lego-like construction and stereolithography (DLP) and casting	Biomaterial inks (a clear resin consists of triethylene glycol diacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate)	A resin with a component concentration described in the product information	Compositive material	Gold and PDMS	20 nm thick gold + PDMS with a 10:1 ratio of base to curing agent	[152]
Lego-like construction and stereolithography (SLA)	Biomaterial inks (poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate + poly(acrylic acid))	10% w/v poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate + 5% w/v poly(acrylic acid)	Compositive material	N/A	N/A	[150]